{"id":1223,"date":"2017-09-02T15:05:02","date_gmt":"2017-09-02T20:05:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnsalvation.org\/?p=1223"},"modified":"2019-12-10T14:07:09","modified_gmt":"2019-12-10T14:07:09","slug":"sang-the-ky-duoi-lang-kinh-khoa-hoc-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/sang-the-ky-duoi-lang-kinh-khoa-hoc-hien-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i <\/span><\/h2>\n

S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh kinh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1eef S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd theo nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Hy b\u00e1 (Hebrew) \u2018bereshith\u2019 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean. S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eeda l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch. S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u00edn l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. S\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd cho bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thi\u00eang li\u00eang b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Ng\u0169 kinh do M\u00f4i se nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 3400 n\u0103m. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u1ecdi v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc. <\/span><\/p>\n

Bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong> “Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t”<\/em>(1:1). L\u1eddi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n tuy ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u xa trong c\u00e2u m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 (1) bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 (2) do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

(1) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean: V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i (steady state), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eadn chung. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn nay cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 1913, Vesto Slipher kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n xa kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng hai tri\u1ec7u d\u1eb7m m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Edwin Hubble cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00e0ng xa nhau c\u00e0ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, Arno Penzias v\u00e0 Robert Wilson (1965) kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (cosmic bacground radiation) cho bi\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn (Big Bang) c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 15 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u00e1c trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u00f4i sao cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0, thi\u00ean h\u00e0, supernova, v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u cho bi\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t bao la nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/span><\/p>\n

(2) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: C\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Wheeler c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u00ea x\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd ph\u00ecnh n\u1edf qu\u00e1 nhanh ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea3y sinh. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng proton, neutron, electron, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 hydrogen t\u1edbi n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1993, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 25 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra. Ba trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 x\u00ea x\u00edch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n 1037<\/span><\/sup>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/span><\/p>\n

“V\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 m\u1edd t\u1ed1i \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t v\u1ef1c; Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc”<\/em>(1:2). C\u00e2u n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eafng v\u00e0 m\u1edd t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed hydrogen, helium, methane, v\u00e0 ammonia. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u xoay v\u1ea7n xung quanh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao tr\u1ebb theo h\u00ecnh \u0111\u0129a, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994 \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 M\u1ed9c tinh v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 tinh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1edd \u0111\u1ee5c ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u00ednh l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i t\u0103m trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00f4i thai. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bao ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda (vulcanism) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n (plate tectonics). <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, b\u00e8n ph\u00e2n s\u00e1ng ra c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y; s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam. V\u1eady c\u00f3 bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i mai; \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t”<\/em>(1:3-4). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n xa kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia cho bi\u1ebft m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 4.25 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 m\u1edd \u0111\u1ee5c bao quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb h\u1ea5t v\u0103ng kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1ecfng, nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean t\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u00e0ng d\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0y, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi l\u1edbp kh\u00ed d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 tinh hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xuy\u00ean qua. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang h\u1ee3p (photosynthesis) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0y, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tr\u1ee5c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Qua s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m dung t\u00edch tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e1n kh\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ammonia v\u00e0 methane b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t qua s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n gi\u1eef cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ecf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng khi \u0111i h\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tinh t\u00fa, tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

“Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m n\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng, ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng”<\/em>(1:7) . Khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: h\u01a1i, l\u1ecfng, r\u1eafn. Chu k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00f4i thai, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc bao ph\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft. Chu k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a r\u01a1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t \u00edt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh (greenhouse effect) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng v\u00ec gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Chu k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3, s\u1ee9c h\u00fat tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u01b0a v\u1eabn th\u1ea1ch. Trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a v\u1eabn th\u1ea1ch cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed7i n\u0103m do s\u1ee9c h\u00fat kh\u00f5ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ho\u00e1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tinh bt, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1m. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n b\u00e0y ra”<\/em>(1:9). \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n t\u1ec9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 29 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. Trong 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba (supercontinent) b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh di chuy\u1ec3n theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n n\u00e0y (plate tectonics). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 29 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 71 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n b\u00e3, tr\u00e1nh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i sanh c\u00e2y c\u1ecf; c\u1ecf k\u1ebft ht gi\u1ed1ng, c\u00e2y tr\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, t\u00f9y theo lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ht gi\u1ed1ng trong m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t”<\/em>(1:11). Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Cambrian c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c, b\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao \u0111i sau n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u1edbp ozone \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 (vitamin) c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00ec s\u00e1ng trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7ng ph\u00e2n ra ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u0111\u00eam, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ti\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u0103m”<\/em>(1:14). B\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb trong m\u1edd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn trong su\u1ed1t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 qua s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 l\u1edbp th\u00e1n kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 n\u0103m <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i sanh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng cho nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim ph\u1ea3i bay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f5ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi”<\/em>(1:20). Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 n\u0103m Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chim tr\u1eddi. Ch\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Hy b\u00e1 lai \u2018sheres\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1, t\u00f4m cua, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 voi c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n xa h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim kh\u00f5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng 80 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gian h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u00f3a trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i sanh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u00f9y theo lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c s\u00fac v\u1eadt, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 th\u00fa r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y theo lo\u1ea1i; th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady”<\/em>(1:24). Danh t\u1eeb Hy b\u00e1 lai \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u2018remes\u2019, \u2018nephesh\u2019, \u2018chayyah\u2019, \u2018behemah\u2019, \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa cao c\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 c\u00e1. <\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh Ng\u00e0i; Ng\u00e0i d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi; Ng\u00e0i d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef”<\/em>(1:27). Ch\u1eef \u2018d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean\u2019 trong nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Hy b\u00e1 lai \u2018bara\u2019 cho bi\u1ebft lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t mang h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed3n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 x\u00e1c, h\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 linh t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Khoa nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, trong v\u00f2ng kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 8000 \u0111\u1ebfn 24000 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hai ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Neandertal xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, bi\u1ebft ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e2m linh. Di t\u00edch ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch cho bi\u1ebft lo\u00e0i Neandertal b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y (1997) cho bi\u1ebft DNA c\u1ee7a Neandertal ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi DNA c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Neandertal ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chung ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u2018ng\u00e0y\u2019<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef \u2018ng\u00e0y\u2019 (Hy b\u00e1 lai: \u2018yom\u2019) d\u00f9ng trong S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean. Ch\u1eef \u2018bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u\u2019 (\u2018ereb\u2019) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u2018bu\u1ed5i mai\u2019 (\u2018boqer\u2019) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi. Theo nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Gerald Schroeder c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc MIT, ch\u1eef \u2018ng\u00e0y\u2019 c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 24 gi\u1edd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Theo thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang ph\u00ecnh n\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian quy\u1ec7n l\u1eabn nhau t\u00f9y theo m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 chung cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian t\u1eeb l\u00fac h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eef ng\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac) trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. <\/span><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1859, Charles Darwin xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nhan \u0111\u1ec1 “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i” (The Origin of Species) b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau g\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong n\u0103m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4 (microevolution), cho th\u1ea5y lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Darwin th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 (macroevolut\u00econ), cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u00e2u xa, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft: <\/span><\/p>\n

(1) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c
\n(2) Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp (transitional species)
\n(3) Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n (irreducibly complex structures) <\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ea3 ba gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a trong khoa h\u1ecdc. <\/span><\/p>\n

(1) Di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t: Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stephen Gould c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard (1973) cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp (puntuated equilibrium). Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ra \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua r\u1ea5t \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u0169. <\/span><\/p>\n

(2) M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c l\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 99.9% c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1860 t\u1edbi nay v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Cambrian. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Robet Barnes (1980) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng cho ta bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. Lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n.”<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n

(3) Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tinh vi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, s\u1ea3n sinh v\u00e0 t\u00edch tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sinh s\u1ea3n, duy tr\u00ec, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p nhau m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi Darwin, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi th\u00f4 s\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t h\u1ed7n mang di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ea7n khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u1ed5ng ra v\u00e0o, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o ra. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng ra v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh lang v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111i m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1eeb khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef tin t\u1ee9c (memory bank), cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u00e0n m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh h\u01a1n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng d\u1eb7m d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t ngay ng\u1eafn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Qua nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Khoa sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y nay cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngang ng\u1eeda v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat sai s\u00f3t. Trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba sai tr\u1eadt h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ebf (prefabrication and modular construction). <\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng tin t\u1ee9c (information storage) c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. DNA c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a tin t\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc G.G. Simpson cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m t\u00f3m trong m\u1ed9t th\u00eca canh v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge cho bi\u1ebft m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch g\u1ed1i l\u00ean nhau (overlapping) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu\u1ed7i DNA c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2u h\u1ed3i tin t\u1ee9c (information retrieval) kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ch\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m quy\u1ec7n l\u1eabn b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m (protein) c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong protein m\u1eb9. Khi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a protein m\u1eb9 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chia \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e0nh hai protein kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1c protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u protein v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u thu g\u1ecdn, sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m hai d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cuc gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, protein kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c d\u1ea7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. Protein nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb c\u00e2y xanh cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ph\u00fat v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 10-16gram. <\/span><\/p>\n

Di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn nay cho bi\u1ebft t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 3.5 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 3.5 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.9 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m cho th\u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00f4 sinh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb v\u00f4 c\u01a1 qua h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Monod x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o vi khu\u1ea9n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 DNA cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00f3m (group theory). Ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp l\u1eabn nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Beverly Halstead cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea, b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 mi\u1ec7ng tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 mi\u1ec7ng tr\u00f2n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u1eb1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eb1m. Lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa ho\u1eb7c b\u00f2 s\u00e1t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 chia c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. <\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o kh\u00f4n ngoan tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Kinh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phong ph\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Khoa h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn: tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, t\u00f4n th\u1edd, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u00e2m linh m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 giao ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00ea \u00c2n \u0110i\u1ec3n, Ph.D.
\nSan Jose 1\/7\/2002 <\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o <\/span><\/p>\n

Behe, Michael, Darwin\u2019s Black Box (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996)
\nDarwin, Charles, The Origin of Species (New York: Collier Books, 1962)
\nDavies, Paul, The Fifth Miracle (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999)
\nDenton, Michael, Evolution: A theory in Crisis (Maryland: Adler and Adler, 1985)
\nJastrow, Robert, God and the Astronomers (New York: Warner Books, 1978)
\nRoss, Hugh, The Genesis question (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1998)
\nRoss, Hugh, The Creator and the Cosmos, Creation and Time (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1993)
\nSchroeder, Gerald, Genesis and the Big Bang (New York: Batam books, 1990<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-1223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gieo-trong-sowing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1223"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21930,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions\/21930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=1223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}