{"id":1237,"date":"2017-09-02T15:16:43","date_gmt":"2017-09-02T20:16:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnsalvation.org\/?p=1237"},"modified":"2019-12-10T14:07:20","modified_gmt":"2019-12-10T14:07:20","slug":"tien-hoa-hay-sang-tao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/tien-hoa-hay-sang-tao\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o?<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nan y hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n, h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e9n l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u00f3a tinh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh t\u00fa xa x\u00f4i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung bao la. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n, c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v.v., \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hy sinh, t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n khoa h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh ch\u00ednh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t: c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, t\u1eeb v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (designed) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Newton, Einstein, Pasteur, Darwin, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t xoay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4n ngoan” (intelligent design) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf t\u00e0i th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh cho nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft gia, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00edch l\u0169y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua. <\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t “thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4n ngoan” \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (biochemistry), sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (molecular biology) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n (astrophysics). Nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00e2y, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Darwin cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. <\/span><\/p>\n

I. Sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (biochemistry), sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (molecular biology) v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (evolution theory):<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gay c\u1ea5n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. L\u00fd do thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u1ea3i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 cao nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau h\u01a1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb n\u00e0o x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (molecular machines) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, tinh vi, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. <\/span><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859, Charles Darwin trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4 (microevolution), cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (natural selection), b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 (macroevolution) cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh: <\/span><\/p>\n

(1). Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1eadm, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t
\n(2). C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp (transitional species) ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu
\n(3). Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n (irreducibly complex structures) <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eeb khi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i” ra \u0111\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ba gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. <\/span><\/p>\n

(1). Trong “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i”, Darwin c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t (gaps) r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i (phyla) t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u00f2ng r\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng do Darwin n\u00eau ra. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Stephen Gould c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard (1973) nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169<\/strong>. Th\u1eadt ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u01a1. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia ng\u00e0y nay tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Darwin l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y nay khoa x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea trong di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng (unguided random events) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 kh\u00ed cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (advanced machines) m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Darwin qua nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng quy m\u00f4 cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 Darwin n\u00eau ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. <\/span><\/p>\n

(2). S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Darwin \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Trong th\u1eddi Darwin ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i” ra \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c l\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 99.9% c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1860 \u0111\u1ebfn nay trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, d\u1ea7u v\u1eady c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Darwin t\u1edbi nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Robert Barnes (1980) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “di t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng cho ta bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. Lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n.” <\/span><\/p>\n

Tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng \u0111i s\u00e2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. M\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e0ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim, t\u1eeb l\u00f4ng, c\u00e1nh, ph\u1ed5i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tim m\u1ea1ch, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tim, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y ru\u1ed9t non, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u00f2 s\u00e1t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai chi\u1ec1u – d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed \u0111i v\u00e0o bu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5i qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed1ng ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n (bronchi) v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00fai h\u01a1i (air sac) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ebf nang (alveoli). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong l\u00fac h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 (two-way flow). Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim, ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i ng\u00f5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed1ng li ti nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i ng\u00f5 ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, cho n\u00ean d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ec9 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u xuy\u00ean qua ph\u1ed5i (one-way flow). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u00e2n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00ecnh n\u1edf nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t sau khi sanh. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i chim, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh, ph\u1ebf nang, v\u00e0 ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf. Ch\u1ec9 sau khi d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5i, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ph\u1ebf nang m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng ph\u1ebf nang trong lo\u00e0i chim kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd co th\u1eaft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ebf nang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. \u00d0i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n sai tr\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 b\u00f2 s\u00e1t. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n (DNA). Nh\u1eefng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m (group theory). Ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp l\u1eabn nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Beverly Halstead cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea, b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 mi\u1ec7ng tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 mi\u1ec7ng tr\u00f2n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u1eb1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eb1m. Lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa ho\u1eb7c b\u00f2 s\u00e1t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 chia c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/strong>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ed1c t\u00e2m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u01a1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. <\/span><\/p>\n

(3). Trong “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i”, Darwin x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Ng\u00e0y nay khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, l\u00e0m cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ecb lung lay t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tinh vi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 t\u00edch tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ea3n, duy tr\u00ec, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n<\/strong>. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p nhau m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi Darwin, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi th\u00f4 s\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t h\u1ed7n mang di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y nay n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u1ed5ng ra v\u00e0o, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o ra. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng ra v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh lang v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111i m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1eeb khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef tin t\u1ee9c (memory bank), cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u00e0n m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh h\u01a1n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng d\u1eb7m d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t ngay ng\u1eafn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Qua nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. M\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngang ng\u1eeda v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat sai s\u00f3t. Trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba sai tr\u1eadt h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ebf (prefabrication and modular construction). <\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng tin t\u1ee9c (information storage) c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. DNA c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a tin t\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc G.G. Simpson cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m t\u00f3m trong m\u1ed9t th\u00eca canh v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge cho bi\u1ebft m\u1eadt m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch g\u1ed1i l\u00ean nhau (overlapping) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu\u1ed7i DNA c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2u h\u1ed3i tin t\u1ee9c (information retrieval) kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ch\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m quy\u1ec7n l\u1eabn b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m (protein) c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong protein m\u1eb9. Khi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a protein m\u1eb9 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chia \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e0nh hai protein kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1c protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u protein v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u thu g\u1ecdn, sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m hai d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, protein kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c d\u1ea7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. Protein nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb c\u00e2y xanh cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ph\u00fat v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 10-16gram. \u00d0\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. <\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tinh vi, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (structural design), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n khi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. M\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c qua kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh (neuron fiber), \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y li\u00ean l\u1ea1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi 1015<\/span><\/sup>. Tuy v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 theo t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tinh vi trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y th\u00f4ng tin xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y li\u00ean l\u1ea1c (connections) c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. <\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh vi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa, nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i xa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y thu h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. Khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng tr\u1eeb nh\u00e2n chia, ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i (amplification), g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc (filtering), v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e2u h\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh, g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (data preprocessing) theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p song song (parallel) ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp (series) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 theo d\u1ea1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean (binary coding). <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o trong khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ‘thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4n ngoan’ ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. Ch\u1ec9 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed3, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c s\u00e2u xa t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

II. V\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, duy tr\u00ec, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00edch l\u0169y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. <\/span><\/p>\n

(1). Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc (thermodynamics), v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (elementary particles), l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m (group theory) trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n (astrophysics), cho \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (astromony) v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc (cosmology), cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. Con s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y tho\u1ea1t nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1edbn lao so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch bao la gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 (galaxies) v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 (clusters), th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, dung t\u00edch, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng x\u00ea x\u00edch nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n George Smoot c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc U.C. Berkeley \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a”. <\/span><\/p>\n

(2). Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (a finely tuned universe) \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (elemetary particles) r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t ‘up’ quark so v\u1edbi ‘down’ quark ch\u1ec9 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec proton b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi hai \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ‘up’ quark v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ‘down’ quark, v\u00e0 neutron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ‘up’ quark v\u00e0 hai ‘down’ quark. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng neutron v\u00e0 proton quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hydrogen v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 giao h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu (electro-weak force) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh (strong force). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (gravitational constant) ch\u1ec9 sai bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean 1\/1060<\/span><\/sup>, c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau khi m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt s\u1ebd v\u0103ng xa kh\u1ecfi nhau l\u00e0m cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n nay. N\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (electro-magnetic force) ch\u1ec9 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch kho\u1ea3ng 1\/1040<\/span><\/sup>, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 dung t\u00edch v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean 1\/1037<\/span><\/sup>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc gia ho\u00e0i nghi nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 Stephen Hawking c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng “Stephen Hawking’s Universe”, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 “T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh c\u1edd th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.” <\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn lao trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00e0n ozone ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tuy\u1ebfn (cosmic radiation) \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tinh c\u1ea7u. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Paul Davies, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t “The Mind of God”, cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.” \u00d4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u1ebd ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 l\u1edbn lao, xa x\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng li ti tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4n ngoan tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i qua n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc sang ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi? \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u01a1 \u00d0\u1ed1c, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua Th\u00e1nh kinh v\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u th\u1ebf Gi\u00ea xu. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong vinh quang c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n trong Th\u00e1nh kinh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n hai thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7? <\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00ea \u00c2n-\u00d0i\u1ec3n, Ph.D.<\/span><\/strong>
\nSan Jose 01\/11\/2003 <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Behe, Michael, Darwin’s Black Box (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996)
\nBoslough, John, Stephen Hawking’s Universe (New York: Harper & Row, 1979).
\nDarwin, Charles, The Origin of Species (New York: Collier Books, 1962)
\nDavies, Paul, The Fifth Miracle (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999)
\nDavies, Paul, The Mind of God (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992)
\nDenton, Michael, Evolution: A theory in Crisis (Maryland: Adler and Adler, 1985)
\nRoss, Hugh, The Creator and the Cosmos, Creation and Time (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1993)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o? Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc sang<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-1237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gieo-trong-sowing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1237","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1237"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1237\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21964,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1237\/revisions\/21964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1237"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1237"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1237"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=1237"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}