{"id":25624,"date":"2020-05-08T07:19:50","date_gmt":"2020-05-08T07:19:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnsalvation.net\/?p=25624"},"modified":"2020-06-26T01:13:05","modified_gmt":"2020-06-26T01:13:05","slug":"lich-su-hoi-thanh-i-thoi-ky-cac-su-donam-30-den-100-tay-lich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/lich-su-hoi-thanh-i-thoi-ky-cac-su-donam-30-den-100-tay-lich\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch S\u1eed H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Hay C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch S\u1eed\u00a0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

I.TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 C\u00c1C S\u1ee8-\u0110\u1ed2 (N\u0103m 30 \u0110\u1ebfn 100 T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch)<\/strong>
\n1. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00f4i Thai
\n2. M\u1ed9t Ni\u1ec1m Tin Kh\u00e1c Th\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u1ea5t Hi\u1ec7n
\n3. Vi\u1ec7c Vi\u1ebft Th\u00e0nh S\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc
\n4. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Do Th\u00e1i<\/p>\n

II.X\u00c1C NH\u1eacN V\u00c0 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 NI\u1ec0M TIN(N\u0103m 100 \u0110\u1ebfn 300)<\/strong>
\n5. T\u00ecnh Tr\u1ea1ng Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Khi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Xu\u1ea5t Hi\u1ec7n
\n6. Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ed9 Ban \u0110\u1ea7u V\u1edbi T\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o
\n7. Kinh Thanh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Xu\u1ea5t Hi\u1ec7n
\n8. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Sau C\u01a1n B\u1eaft B\u1edb
\n9. Nh\u1eefng Ph\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh<\/p>\n

III. H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH TH\u1eaeNG L\u1ee2I ( N\u0103m 300 \u0110\u1ebfn 500)<\/strong>
\n10. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Tr\u1edf Th\u00e0nh T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3
\n11. T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u Va Kinh Th\u00e1nh
\n12. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh V\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Th\u1edd Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng
\n13. Nh\u1eefng Gi\u1ea3ng S\u01b0 Va Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e3nh \u0110\u1ea1o N\u1ed5i Danh
\n14. Th\u1ec3 Ch\u1ebf Tu Vi\u1ec7n L\u00fac Ban \u0110\u1ea7u
\n15. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh B\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1edbng
\nIV. TH\u1edcI TRUNG C\u1ed4( N\u0103m 500 \u0110\u1ebfn 1500)
\n16. T\u00ecnh H\u00ecnh H.T. Sau Khi \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Suy S\u1ee5p
\n17. Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Tu Vi\u1ec7n
\n18. H\u1ecdc Thu\u1eadt V\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft L\u00fd Trung C\u1ed5
\n19. Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng
\n20. C\u00e1c Cu\u1ed9c Th\u00e1nh Chi\u1ebfn
\n21. Kinh Th\u00e1nh<\/p>\n

V. C\u00c1C H.T. CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ed0NG MI\u1ec0N \u0110\u00d4NG (N\u0103m 1054 \u0110\u1ebfn 1980)<\/strong>
\n22. \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y Xung \u0110\u1ed9t
\n23. \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Va H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh
\n24. Nh\u1eefng Th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ea3 V\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t B\u1ea1i C\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng
\n25. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00e0y Nay<\/p>\n

VI. TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 C\u1ea2I CH\u00c1NH ( N\u0103m 1500 \u0110\u1ebfn 1600)<\/strong>
\n26. Nh\u1eefng L\u00e0n Gi\u00f3 C\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 27. Desiderlus Eramus (1483-1536)
\n28. Martin Luther ( 1483-1546)
\n29. John Calvin ( 1509-1564)
\n30. H.T. Anh Qu\u1ed1c V\u00e0 Vua Henry VIII( 1509-1547)
\n31. Hai Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ea1i Edward VI V\u00e0 Mary(1547-1548) Trang 108 32. C\u00f4ng Cu\u1ed9c H\u00f2a Gi\u1ea3i C\u1ee7a N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth
\n33. Cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3<\/p>\n

VII. C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C GI\u00c1O HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I<\/strong>
\n34. T\u00ecnh H\u00ecnh Sau Cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch
\n35. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o V\u00e0o M\u1ef9 Ch\u00e2u
\n36. C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Ng\u00e0y Nay<\/p>\n

M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 NI\u00caN \u0110\u1ea0I C\u1ea6N NH\u1eda<\/strong>
\nGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem
\nHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Nero b\u1eaft b\u1edb H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh
\nPolycarp t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o
\n161 – 180 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius
\n249 – 251 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Decius
\n284 – 305 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Diocletian
\nGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Carthage
\nS\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Milan
\nConstantine tr\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n
\n325 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Nicaea
\n361 – 363 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Julian<\/p>\n

M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 DANH X\u01afNG TRONG<\/strong>
\nL\u1ecaCH S\u1eec H\u1eccI TH\u00c1NH C\u1ea6N NH\u1eda<\/strong>
\n\u00ca-ti\u00ean
\nPhao-l\u00f4
\nIrenaeus
\nJustin Marty
\nMarcion
\nIgnatius
\nPolycarp
\nHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf (Emperor) Marcus Aurelius
\nHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf (Emperor) Decius
\nHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf (Emperor) Diocletian
\nGi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Papias
\nCyprian
\nClement of Alexandria
\nOrigen<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf (Emperor) Constantine S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Milan 313
\nCodex Vaticanus
\nCodex Sinaitius
\nHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf (Emperor) Julian
\nHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf (Emperor) Teodosius Arius
\nAthanius
\nT\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Nicaea Jerome (340 – 420)
\nVulgate
\nAugustine
\nJohn Chrysotom
\nAmbrose
\nPelagius
\nAlaric
\nAnthony
\nPachominus
\nBasil, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Caeserea
\nUlfilas
\nPatrick
\nClovis
\nAttila
\nBenedict
\nColumba
\nBoniface
\nSt. Bernard
\nDominic
\nFrancis of Asisi
\nThomas Aquinas
\nWilliam of Ockham
\nRoger Bacon
\nBonaventura
\nGi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory the Great Charlemage
\nGi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gregory VII (Hildebrand) John Wycliff
\nTu s\u0129 Lollard
\nJohn Huss
\nDesiderius Erasmus<\/p>\n

Martin Luther
\nPhilip Melanchthon
\nJone Calvin
\nHenry VIII
\nThomas Cranmer
\nThomas More
\nCromwell
\nWilliam Tyndale
\nVua Jame I
\nIgnatiusLoyola
\nRoger William
\nFrancis Makemie
\nGeoge Fox
\nWilliam Oenn
\nJohn Wesley
\nThomas Coke
\nFrancis Asbury
\nThomas Campbells<\/p>\n

(N\u0103m 30 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch)<\/strong>
\nC\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C GI\u00c1O PH\u00d4I THAI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ecbt m\u00f9 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u \u1ea5y, sau khi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i s\u1ecd, th\u00ec s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111em x\u1eed t\u1eed Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u00e1 tan uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o do Ng\u00e0i kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. \u0110ang khi thi th\u1ec3 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y Sa B\u00e1t trong ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 Ng\u00e0i t\u00ea b\u1ea1i v\u00ec x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th \u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3c Ng\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ‘tr\u00f4ng mong ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y d\u00e2n Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean’ (Lu-ca 24:21). Khi h\u1ecd nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u01a1n cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n h\u00f2 h\u00e9t ‘H\u00e3y \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh n\u00f3’, ‘ H\u00e3y \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh n\u00f3’, c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 theo Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n run s\u1ee3. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y sau c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 d\u00e1m g\u1eb7p nhau trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e0i then th\u1eadt k\u1ef9.
\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kinh ho\u00e0ng di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a tan t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u00e1ng l\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh cho bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng trong l\u00f2ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0a ai vi\u1ebft l\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecda may c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ngu\u1ec7ch ngo\u1ea1c ghi v\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n ph\u00f2ng h\u1edd s\u1ebd qu\u00ean ch\u0103ng. \u0110\u00eam th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u \u1ea5y v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y Sa B\u00e1t ti\u1ebfp theo, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa l\u00f2ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00e2m mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean tri v\u00f4 danh xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 Ga-li-l\u00ea, m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra bi\u1ebft bao x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. C\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau tan h\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ys\u01a1ra\u00ean trong d\u0129 v\u0103ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ea7m th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, v\u00ec ‘PH\u00daC \u00c2M’ m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 rao truy\u1ec1n ra ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m linh cho \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i cho c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eefa.
\nS\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1edf trong b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m v\u00e0 \u1edf trong s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng V\u1ee5 c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t ghi l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh trong l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Theo b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m th\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ch\u1edbm n\u1edf v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5, ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Th\u00e1nh. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 theo Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu mang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c th\u01a1m v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u x\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n thi th\u1ec3 Ng\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00f4n.
\nNh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu tin quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 nghe tin c\u00e1c b\u00e0 kia n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ‘chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng’. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady Phi-e-r\u01a1 v\u00e0 Gi\u0103ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt tr\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 l\u1eafm. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ‘M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i y\u00eau’ (Gi\u0103ng 20:8) c\u0169g c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Ma-ri Ma-\u0111\u01a1-len (20:11-18) ho\u1eb7c Phi-e-r\u01a1 (1 C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f415:5). R\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Th\u00f4-ma, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u00f2i ho\u00e0i nghi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng tin r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00ec h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Ng\u00e0i. B\u1edfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin quy\u1ebft \u1ea5y n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb xao xuy\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tin \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem cho loan truy\u1ec1n ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 tr\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t tin \u0111\u1ed3n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m x\u00e1c Ch\u00faa \u0111em \u0111i, tin \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc l\u1eeba b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i \u1ea5y?
\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e0n che v\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cao \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n ‘\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3’ (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 2:32). Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng phai nh\u1ea1t \u0111i, m\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, v\u00ec Phaol\u00f4 sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ebft trong th\u01a1 1 C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f4 15:14. ‘N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ra lu\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin anh em c\u0169ng v\u00f4 \u00edch’. Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Charles H. Dodd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 ‘kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quanh ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y’.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng sau khi Ch\u00faa Christ Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, Ng\u00e0i \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n trong ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i :’C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh trong n\u00f4i’. Trong th\u1eddi gian Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Theo Ph\u00fac Am Lu-ca, Ch\u00faa Christ sau khi Ph\u1ee5c Sinh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 qua \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ‘m\u1edf tr\u00ed cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u Kinh Th\u00e1nh’ (Lu-ca 24:45). Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u1eadt bao qu\u00e1t v\u00ec ‘Ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb M\u00f4i se, r\u1ed3i k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri m\u00e0 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a cho hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i trong c\u00e2u Kinh Th\u00e1nh’ (Lu-ca 24:27).
\nNh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nay bao h\u00e0m th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ v\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong Ng\u00e0i. Ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Kinh Th\u00e1nh : ‘Ta \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1, song \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ecdn’. (Ma-thi-\u01a1 5:17). C\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd h\u1eb1ng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00ea-xu m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ebdo \u0111\u1ebdo theo t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n Ga-li-l\u00ea v\u00e0 Giu-\u0111\u00ea, ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ. C\u00e1ch Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m n\u1eefa.
\nTi\u1ebfng ca ng\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi rao truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, b\u1ed5 t\u00fac th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng trong C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo Ng\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1n: ‘C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ta’ (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 1:8). Th\u1eadt v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ‘\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1eaft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eafm v\u00e0 tay ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edd, v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng’ (IGi1Ga 1:1).
\n\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng do s\u1ef1 b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Giu-\u0111a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Ma-thi-a (Matthias) l\u00e0m S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ee9 12. Trong m\u1eaft h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 Ma-thi-a x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ma-thi-a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ‘\u0111\u00e3 theo c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ecdn l\u00fac \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eeb khi Gi\u0103ng l\u00e0mph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta’. (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee51:21-22). N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Ma-thi-a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. D\u00f9 sau khi c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft xong, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn th\u00edch nghe l\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu, hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo s\u00e1t h\u1ecd, h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00e9p trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Papias \u1edf Hierapolis, h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00e3y c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ed1ng vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau : ‘N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o \u1ea5y n\u00f3i ra. Anh r\u00ea n\u00f3i g\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c Phi-e-r\u01a1, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u2026 V\u00ec t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch th\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i sao b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ‘.
\nKh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh sau ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. ‘V\u1eady h\u00e3y \u0111i d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n’ (Ma-thi-\u01a1 28:19). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u00f3c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1edf h\u1eefu
\nqu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Ap-ra-ham m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nKhi Ch\u00faa Christ ra l\u1ec7nh: ‘N\u00e0y ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i lu\u00f4n cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf’, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n h\u1ee9a ‘khi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Linh gi\u00e1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e9p’ (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 1:8). L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y L\u1ec5 Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng cao t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Linh. H\u1ecd nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed5i \u00e0o \u00e0o, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ‘c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c’. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng ‘ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c’ \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd th\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y L\u1ec5 Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean b\u00e1o trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u1ee7y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n cao c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Ch\u00faa s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi.
\nKinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc ban cho \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Linh cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u1ed1n \u1edf trong h\u1ecd nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n linh h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o theo th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ban cho m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ee9a (Gi\u0103ng 14:26 ; C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 2:38, 39).
\nTrong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Linh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong h\u1ecd, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ‘l\u00e0m h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m, th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau h\u01a1n l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n’.
\n\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Linh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng, Phi-e-r\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ‘c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean’, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y L\u1ec5 Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a Gi\u00f4-\u00ean (Gio Ge 2:26-28) v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt Ph\u1ee5c Sinh. Phi-e-r\u01a1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng : ‘V\u1eady c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean kh\u00e1 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00ea-xu m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh tr\u00ean th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n cao Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ’ (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 2:36).\u00a0 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Phi-e-r\u01a1 \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ea5u tim nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe n\u00ean h\u1ecd h\u1ecfi ‘v\u1eady ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m chi?’ C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n x\u00f4n xao k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u k\u1ef3 ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra; h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam trong danh Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00ea-si-a. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00f4i thai thu\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh, tin c\u1eady, l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ, trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i.
\nNh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tin Ch\u00faa h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trung t\u00edn v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Do Th\u00e1i c\u0169, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m tin c\u0169 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i Sa-\u0111u-s\u00ea ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 khi th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n ch\u00fang qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ rao gi\u1ea3ng s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi. Phi-e-r\u01a1 v\u00e0 Gi\u0103ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam hai l\u1ea7n. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7u ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 (Rabbi) Ga-ma-li-\u00ean b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cho h\u1ecd (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 5:34), c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri: ‘N\u1ebfu m\u01b0u lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ra b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 h\u01b0 \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng n\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’ (C\u00f4ng-vu 5:39).
\nM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo phong tr\u00e0o d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng gi\u1eef l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa anh em, l\u1ec5 b\u1ebb b\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.\u2026v\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tin \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, l\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a chung. H\u1ecd b\u00e1n gia t\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho nhau, t\u00f9y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 2:42, 44, 45). C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00e9o g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng ai thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tin \u0111\u1ec1u ‘m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd c\u00f9ng nhau; ‘(C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 4:32). Trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean b\u00e1o trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau chia x\u1ebb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, c\u1ee9 nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng linh ho\u1ea1t m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac Am \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u th\u1eadp l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n h\u1eefu Do Th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ‘l\u1ec5 b\u1ebb b\u00e1nh’ tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eefa \u0103n chung \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ghi nh\u1edb b\u1eefa \u0103n t\u1ed1i h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 l\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t c\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa. Trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng theo l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nay, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed8T NI\u1ec0M TIN KH\u00c1C TH\u01af\u1edcNG XU\u1ea4T HI\u1ec6N<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i gia nh\u1eadp phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfit\u00ednh c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng khi nghe Ph\u00fac \u00c2m do c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng trong Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cho d\u00e2n Ys\u01a1ra\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00ea-si-a (Messiah) l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ni\u1ec1m tin c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00f2ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o \u00ca-ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Do Th\u00e1i, gi\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p.
\nKinh Th\u00e1nh g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ‘Ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p (Hellenist). C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u00ca-ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin L\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u00ca-ti\u00ean. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00ca-ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng A-ra-ma-ich (Aramaic). \u00ca-ti\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c minh b\u1ea1ch, ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. L\u1ec7nh Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 :’H\u00e3y \u0111i d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n’ (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘H\u00e3y khi\u1ebfn mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 ta’ (Ma-thi-\u01a1 28:19). L\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin Do Th\u00e1i.
\nC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng c\u00e3i v\u1edbi \u00ca-ti\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00ca-ti\u00ean khi \u00f4ng b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, x\u00fam v\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u00ca-ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn. \u00ca-ti\u00ean t\u1ef1 b\u1ec7nh v\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3i h\u1ecd h\u00e3y ng\u1eafm xem Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu vinh hi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean h\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’ (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 7:56), th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean t\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00ca-ti\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u00e9o \u00ca-ti\u00ean ra ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft.
\nSau-l\u01a1 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f2n ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu, trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn, \u0111\u1ee9ng xem tr\u1eadn n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 gi\u1ebft \u00ca-ti\u00ean l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eafc \u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ‘L\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa, xin \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean h\u1ecd’ c\u1ee7a \u00ca-ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 xin tha th\u1ee9 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh Sau-l\u01a1. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, theo nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Augustine nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sau n\u00e0y : ‘N\u1ebfu \u00ca-ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sau-l\u01a1’. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0110a m\u00e1ch (Damascus) Sau-l\u01a1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tin Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Phao-l\u00f4, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00ca-ti\u00ean m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ranh gi\u1edbi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o.
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Tertullian, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba :’Huy\u1ebft k\u1ebb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh’. Sau khi \u00ca-ti\u00ean ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 trong c\u01a1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb li\u1ec1n theo sau \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng Tin L\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u T h\u1ebf ra c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Giu-\u0111\u00ea, Sa-ma-ri, Ph\u00ea-ni-xi (Phoenicia), Ch\u00edp-r\u01a1 (Cyprus) v\u00e0 An-ti-\u1ed1t. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c g\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe Ph\u00fac \u00c2m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.
\nTheo s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng V\u1ee5 C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, nh\u1edd l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Phi-e-r\u01a1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tin Ch\u00faa. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 10:1-11:18). V\u00e0o th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i, \u0103n chung v\u1edbi h\u1ecd th\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng? Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ch\u00faa th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u00f3c h\u1ebft c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ch\u0103ng?
\nTrong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m sau khi \u00ca-ti\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh an \u1edf l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a giao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y v\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u01a1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb d\u1eef d\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi Vua Ac-rip-ba (Agrippa) \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u vua H\u00ea-r\u1ed1t (N\u0103m 42 – 44 SC) m\u00e0 S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gia-c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Phi-e-r\u01a1 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u1ed1ng giam. Sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u1ea3n l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng V\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eefa. Th\u00e0nh An-ti-\u1ed1t v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn Phi-e-r\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u00ca-ph\u00ea-s\u00f4 th\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gi\u0103ng, v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Mar Thoma \u1edf An \u0110\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00f4n S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u00f4-ma l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. T\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gia-c\u01a1, l\u00e0 em c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 49 sau Ch\u00faa, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y tuy nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 15:1-29). S\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Do Th\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n tr\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eadn C\u1ee9u Ch\u00faa. K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ecd c\u1edfi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc c\u00e1i \u00e1ch Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e8 tr\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nNhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean ghi trong s\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 rao truy\u1ec1n s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a C\u1ee9u Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng Phao-l\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i danh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t xa, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u phong tr\u00e0o C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, d\u00f9 \u1edf An-ti-\u1ed1t, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n, hay \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Chip-r\u01a1, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Hy L\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c La M\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i c\u0169ng ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 theo x\u01b0a nay. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong v\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pha-ri-si, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y lu\u1eadt, quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng trung t\u00edn v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, n\u00ean d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1ng, \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai trong h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Phao-l\u00f4 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ‘d\u00e2n Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 vinh hi\u1ec3n, l\u1eddi giao \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a, l\u00e0 d\u00e2n sanh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 theo ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf’. (RoRm 9:4-5). Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u00f3c h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 mang Tin L\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c anh em c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cho d\u00e2n Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t cao \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf. N\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, th\u00ec h\u1ecd quay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1n ngh\u1ecbch v\u00e0 th\u00f3a m\u1ea1 \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i An-ti-\u1ed1t x\u1ee9 Bi-xi-\u0111i (Pisidia) (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 13:14-17) l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng m\u1edbi x\u00e2y qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh quanh b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 san b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ‘S\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng ngu\u00f4i’ khi \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin trong \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00ea-si-a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t \u0111au l\u00f2ng khi vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: ‘Th\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n xin ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i b\u1ecb r\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ, v\u00ec anh em b\u00e0 con t\u00f4i theo ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c’ (9:3). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch 21:15-16 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt cho ta r\u00f5 h\u00e0nh vi sau ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdn nghi l\u1ec5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Do Th\u00e1i (C\u00e2u 19 v\u00e0 24)
\n\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t Ph\u00fac \u00c2m v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft ‘Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00f4i’. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i th\u00eam ‘V\u1ea3 anh em ai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam trong \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ v\u1eady, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n chia ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00f4i m\u1ecdi ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 v\u00ec trong Ch\u00faa Christ anh em th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. L\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu anh em thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ th\u00ec anh em l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Ap-ra-ham, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u1ebb k\u1ebf t\u1ef1 theo l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a ‘ (Ga-la-ti 2:20; 3:27-29)<\/p>\n

VI\u1ec6C VI\u1ebeT TH\u00c0NH S\u00c1CH T\u00c2N \u01af\u1edaC<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1eafm v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng n\u0103m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nghi v\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: l\u00e1 th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00ea-sa-l\u00f4-ni-ca, vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f4 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 50 sau Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh. Th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 Phao-l\u00f4 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh nh\u1eadn th\u01b0 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ai coi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u1eady m\u00e0 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi soi d\u1eabn.
\nC\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i, theo l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 64 sau Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 n\u0103m Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 Phi-e-r\u01a1 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi N\u00ea-r\u00f4 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1i. Khi ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 im b\u1eb7t th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho Tin L\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gom g\u00f3p, ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec1n cho nhau xem trong v\u00f2ng c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 150 sau Ch\u00faa, khi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft xong, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n (IIPhi 2Pr 3:15-16).
\nTh\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u0169ng s\u01b0u t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong khi Ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng gom g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra minh b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ni\u1ec1m tin. t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1eeb k\u00fd \u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh tai nghe l\u1eddi c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c n\u0103m 65 \u0111\u1ebfn 75. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch M\u00e1c th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.
\nC\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m Ma-thi-\u01a1 v\u00e0 Lu-ca c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. R\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng Gi\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tr\u00edch r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ba s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00e2m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, vi\u1ebft ra s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m Gi\u0103ng, theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Linh. C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng V\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef A-ra-ma-\u00edch nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd, v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng A-ra-ma-\u00edch l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 Ng\u00e0i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 trong 2 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb A-ra-ma-\u00edch ra. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng A-ra-ma-\u00edch c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u00e1c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng A-ra-ma-\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m, s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng V\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Christ cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La Hy (La M\u00e3, Hy L\u1ea1p)<\/p>\n

C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C GI\u00c1O DO TH\u00c1I<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong khi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong v\u00f2ng d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cho ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, th\u00ec nh\u00f3m C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i \u0111em s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m, S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gia-c\u01a1, em Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh g\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh ri\u00eang thu\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00ec l\u00f2ng cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn n\u1ed5 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i – La M\u00e3, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n qua s\u00f4ng Gi\u00f4-\u0111anh, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Pella c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00ea-ca-b\u00f4-l\u01a1 (Decapolis), n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem b\u1edfi tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 70.
\nSau c\u01a1n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn Si-m\u00ea-\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gia-c\u01a1 l\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7t ri\u00eang cho d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i gia \u0111\u00ecnh Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Eusebius chuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: ‘Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 anh em… qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u00e0 con v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Christ’
\nM\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nhau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1ed1i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i tranh \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i Palestine cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 135. Sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1edbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i, k\u00e9m t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Palestine x\u01b0a kia m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam sinh l\u1ef1c. N\u0103m 132 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n La m\u00e3. H\u1ecd r\u00eau rao r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Simon Bar Kosiba, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00ea-si-a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi r\u00eau rao \u1ea5y, b\u00e8n d\u1ee9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i \u0111i. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 bao c\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cho Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean, th\u00ec Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd.
\nBar Kosiba n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u1ecb thua thi\u1ec7t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La m\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Aelia Capitolina. D\u01b0\u1edbi Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem ng\u00e0y nay ta c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u1ebft t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 x\u01b0a. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 xi\u1ebfc ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed3 t\u1eafm h\u01a1i, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o, c\u00e1c c\u1eeda l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n Jupiter v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Hadrian n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn.
\n\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3, nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Aelia c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3n r\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u1edbi. Theo Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Melito \u1edf Sardis, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ‘n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n rao v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn’. C\u0169ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Alexander Flavian l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 212 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Origen, Eusebius, v\u00e0 Jerome.
\n(N\u0103m 100 \u0111\u1ebfn 300)<\/p>\n

T\u00ccNH TR\u1ea0NG TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI KHI C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C GI\u00c1O XU\u1ea4T HI\u1ec6N<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 tuy g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean Phao-l\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1n t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh \u1edf X\u00ea-xa-r\u00ea l\u00ean t\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3. T\u00e0u b\u00e8 di chuy\u1ec3n trong bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 giao th\u00f4ng trong to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c . Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o.
\n\u0110\u1ebfn khi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn t\u00f4n th\u1edd t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m linh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c nhau trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1eabn \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i m\u1eabu (Cybele) \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, N\u1eef th\u1ea7n Isis, th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a sung t\u00fac v\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi La m\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao th\u00ec th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Mithras c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0, th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u01b0a theo, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ganh \u0111ua v\u1edbi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ; c\u00f2n Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i huy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p trong T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y n\u00eau cao m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf th\u00e1nh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u00e3 rao truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c ban cho to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. (\u00ca-sai 45:22-23)
\nDo Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi La m\u00e3. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1eeba huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. N\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd khi n\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd t\u00ecm ra l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng. Ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi th\u00e1nh khi\u1ebft, v\u00ec Cha c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Con Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Cha chung. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi qua \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00ea-xu Christ. Ong Augustine l\u00e0 v\u0129 nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft : ‘C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng theo m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u00f3c kia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tri\u1ebft gia theo n\u1ed5i’.
\nS\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9ng xa v\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o q\u00faa l\u1edbn \u0111e d\u1ecda H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. V\u1eeba ra tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n g i\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ganh \u0111ua v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb, ngay trong l\u00f2ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ni\u1ec1m tin, th\u1eafng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ganh \u0111ua v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft b\u1edb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nao s\u1eddn. Ngo\u00e0i ra l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n man r\u1ee3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u00f9 \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh La M\u00e3 s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u00eau t\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a La m\u00e3, Hy l\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp.\u00a0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. K\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ee4NG \u0110\u1ed8 BAN \u0110\u1ea6U V\u1edaI T\u00c0 GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 sinh l\u1ef1c, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ‘gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u’. S\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng V\u1ee5 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m nh\u1ed1 nh\u0103ng, ngay th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng A-na-nia v\u00e0 Sa-phi-ra, thu\u1eadt s\u0129 Si-m\u00f4n (sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ‘Simony’ ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 ph\u00f9 ph\u00e9p nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed), \u00ca-ly-ma, m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt s\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Chip-r\u01a1 ; c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Phi-l\u00edp, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a S\u00ea-va \u0111i rong l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i bao nhi\u00eau. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o b\u00f3p m\u00e9o Ph\u00fac \u00c2m theo nh\u1eefng \u00fd ri\u00eang l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n tai h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. V\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u1ebfn, cung hi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp, g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u Ph\u00fac \u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft qu\u00e1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 tranh c\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 5 th\u01b0 t\u00edn vi\u1ebft trong kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 80 \u0111\u1ebfn 150 (H\u00ea-b\u01a1-r\u01a1, I v\u00e0 II Phi-e-r\u01a1, Gia-c\u01a1, Giu-\u0111e) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.
\nTrong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u1ea5y, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00e2u g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft xong, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng nh\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i (Lu-ca 1:14).
\nH\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘codex’. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ngay nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 ph\u00eda t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 trung t\u00edn v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a tin. Th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, s\u00e1ch Codex ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra truy\u1ec1n thanh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Codex l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ru\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i lau s\u1eady Papyrus, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch codex t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2, th\u1ee9 3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eddi v\u0103n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nT\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Phao-l\u00f4 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Do Th\u00e1i, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o (Gnosticism). Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0 C\u00f4-l\u00f4-se v\u00e0 th\u01b0 I Gi\u0103ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y. Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed bao g\u1ed3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i trong \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i l\u1eabn v\u1edbi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u00e0o tr\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb ‘tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c’ k\u00edn\u00a0gi\u1ea5u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ‘khai t\u00e2m’ t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng t\u00e2m linh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00ec h\u1ecd coi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e2y th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ‘\u0110\u1ea5ng Christ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra trong x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt’ (1 Ti-m\u00f4-th\u00ea 3:16).
\nPh\u00e1i ‘Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o’ c\u00f3 l\u00fac g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5n \u00e1p C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n theo phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb \u01b0a th\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 64 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft ra t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Nag-Hamadi, thu\u1ed9c Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n s\u00f3t, h\u1eb3n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t lac. C\u00f3 ba b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m theo Th\u00f4-ma (Thomas), s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m theo Phi-l\u00edp, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Coptic, l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Ai c\u1eadp, c\u00f3 ghi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p trong b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft trong di s\u1ea3n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o.
\nM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Irenaeus, sinh t\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n tin k\u00ednh s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Polycarp \u1edf Si-mi\u1ec7c-n\u01a1 (Smyrma), sau l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Lyons, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u00eda Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p (Gaul) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 185 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Ch\u1ed1ng L\u1ea1i C\u00e1c T\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ecf ra r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ‘Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o’ \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.
\nV\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed theo ‘Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o’ ra ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ng\u0169. Qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ra l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Ni\u1ec1m tin ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong c\u00e2u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ‘Gi\u00ea-xu l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa’ (1 C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f4 12:3) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i La m\u00e3 h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y :
\n‘Ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, Cha to\u00e0n n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ Con c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, sinh b\u1edfi Th\u00e1nh Linh v\u00e0 N\u1eef Trinh Ma-ri, b\u1ecb B\u00f4n-x\u01a1 Phi-l\u00e1t (Pontius Pilate) \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean h\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Cha, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n x\u00e9t k\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 tin Th\u00e1nh Linh H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?
\nSau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 nay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e0i T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

KINH TH\u00c1NH C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C XU\u1ea4T HI\u1ec6N<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n Septuagint l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n trong gi\u1edd th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 (IIPhi 2Pr 3:15-16) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m, th\u00eam b\u00e0o b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Sueptuagint. Ong Justin Martyr, vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch Bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn (Apogoy) t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 150, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau :
\n‘Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 (s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh) ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec gi\u1edd. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc xong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00ean l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, khi c\u1ea7u nguy\u00ean xong ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n \u0103n b\u00e1nh v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc.
\nMarcion m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea7u gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u1edf t\u1ec9nh B\u00f4ng (Pontus ) b\u00ean b\u1edd B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 con m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 140 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u2018m\u1edbi\u2019. Sau khi d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00ec ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 \u00e1c v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c Tin L\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ee9t ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Septuagint (C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh Lu-ca \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Phaol\u00f4, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch giao \u01b0\u1edbc ‘m\u1edbi’. D\u00f9 Marcion c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ‘tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c’ c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u00f4ng d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh (d\u1ee9t ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng).
\nMarcion kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng, \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ‘Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c’ m\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Marcionite. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Marcion v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. V\u00ec lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m tin trong Ch\u00faa Christ c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m trong s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cho d\u00e2n Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean .
\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a phe \u2018tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u2019 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 tin nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea1. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac Am kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0i nghi (Apocryphal) <\/strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb n\u0103m 170. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng Tatian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Syria, s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c rao truy\u1ec1n danh Ch\u00faa trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Syria thu\u1ed9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Edessa. \u00d4ng tr\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1eafp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb 4 s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Diatessaron , ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘4 tin l\u00e0nh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t’ nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean ch\u1ebf ri\u1ec5u l\u00e0 ‘Tin L\u00e0nh keo k\u00e9o’ (k\u00e9o c\u1eaft, keo d\u00e1n). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Syria, sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch ra th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u00f4ng Tatian \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0i nghi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng 4 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00e2m sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tra c\u1ee9u, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00e2m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t. May thay, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Tatian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p 4 s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed7i s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd cho \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee5c Truy\u1ec1n.
\nC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ch\u00e9p tay b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La Tinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Muratorian Fragment , ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 200. B\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch trong T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ea5y th\u01b0 H\u00ea-b\u01a1-r\u01a1, th\u01b0 Gia-c\u01a1, th\u01b0 I Phi-e-r\u01a1 v\u00e0 II Phi-e-r\u01a1, v\u00e0 III Gi\u0103ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.
\nB\u1ea3n v\u0103n Muratorian Fragment c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u00eam hai s\u00e1ch (sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0i nghi) S\u1ef1 S\u00e1ng l\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Sa-l\u00f4-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3i huy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Phier\u01a1 . D\u1ea7u v\u1eady v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tin quy\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau : ‘M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh’
\nCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c linh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecd ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf r\u00f5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t li\u1ec7t k\u00ea 27 s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 do \u00f4ng Athanasius, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o t\u1ea1i Alexandria vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u0103m 367 trong k\u1ecbp L\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, g\u1eedi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf trong gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH SAU C\u01a0N B\u1eaeT B\u1eda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, tuy c\u00f2n \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, l\u00e2u l\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft b\u1edb do nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 \u00ca-ti\u00ean, Sau-l\u01a1 l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Vua Ac-r\u00edp-ba (Agrippa) ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gia-c\u01a1, b\u1eaft giam Phi-e-r\u01a1 v\u00e0 Phao-l\u00f4 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb t\u1ea7m n\u00e3 v\u00e0 giam c\u1ea7m. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Nero gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c La m\u00e3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Phi-e-r\u01a1 v\u00e0 Phao-l\u00f4, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u01a1n h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u00edn h\u1eefu bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb ‘\u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1ng’.
\nTuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ‘v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c’ c\u0169ng l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n La M\u00e3 \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p trong T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 81 – 96 (15 n\u0103m), Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Domitian ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra l\u1ec7nh ru\u1ed3ng b\u1eaft t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh g\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 (1 Phi-e-r\u01a1 4:12-17 v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3i-huy\u1ec1n 2:10). M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c b\u1eaft b\u1edb l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ea3i-huy\u1ec1n, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 sai \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o B\u00e1t M\u00f4 (Patmos) ngo\u00e0i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1\u00a0 (Kh\u1ea3i-huy\u1ec1n 1:9).M\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Kh\u00e2m Sai Flavius Clements anh em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, n\u0103m 95 \u00f4ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u00f4ng tin Ch\u00faa. V\u1ee3 \u00f4ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Flavia Domitilla b\u1ecb
\n\u0111\u00e0y. T\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t x\u01b0a \u1ea5y mang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Domitilla. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Trojan l\u00ean ng\u00f4i tr\u1ecb v\u00ec (98-117) m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft b\u1edb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 tin theo ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch La M\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu theo qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1edd c\u00fang Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n \u0111ang t\u00f4n th\u1edd. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft \u00e1n h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, lo\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 tin Ch\u00faa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u, mu\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i Ch\u00faa Christ v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3. Tuy ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i ri\u00eang t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em ra x\u1eed \u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ni\u1ec1m tin, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ.
\nM\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ignatius, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh An-ti-\u1ed1t (Antioch). N\u0103m 110 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn La m\u00e3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eed t\u1ed9i. Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y s\u1eafp ch\u1ecbu h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft : ‘T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 \u00fd ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t l\u00faa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. L\u0169 th\u00fa r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 xay t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh tinh khi\u1ebft cho \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Ignatius \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Gi\u0103ng. \u00d4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i phe ‘Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn’ duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u01a1p nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ‘chung ‘ ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng’ ‘H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh’ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ‘ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ai ‘ hay ‘ri\u00eang n\u01a1i n\u00e0o’
\nM\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Polycarp, b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ignatius v\u00e0 l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Si-mi\u1ec7c-n\u01a1 (Smyrna) thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u A. N\u0103m 156 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cao tu\u1ed5i, \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i La m\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Smyrna th\u1ea5y H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u00f2 la : ‘ T\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 b\u1ecdn v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111i’. R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i k\u00eau : ”H\u00e3y b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y t\u00ean Polycarp!’. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Smyrna khuy\u00ean v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c gi\u00e0 h\u00e3y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00ecnh \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng Polycarp tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi : ‘T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i 86 n\u0103m, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i cho t\u00f4i. L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 Vua t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u t\u00f4i ? ‘ Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang x\u00f4 Polycarp ch\u1ebft thi\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1ng g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180), v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u00f4ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb truy n\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00eam qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i. Nguy\u00ean do ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf \u1ea5y tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0m lung lay ng\u00e0i v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 Justin, c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o’ c\u0169ng b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ea1i La m\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c.
\nSau Marcus Aurelius th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c suy s\u1ee5p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u1ed1 d\u00e2n gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i thu h\u1eb9p, thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 gia t\u0103ng. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef bi\u00ean th\u00f9y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c; s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n x\u01b0a n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn l\u00e0m cho La M\u00e3 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, do \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung t\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng.
\n\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Decius (249 – 251) \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t th\u1eb3ng tay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu d\u00e2n l\u1ec5 cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y thi h\u00e0nh lu\u00f4n trong 10 n\u0103m. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh Th\u00e1nh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0129 nh\u00e2n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Origen c\u0169ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft.
\nD\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Diocletian (284 – 305) cu\u1ed9c b\u1eaft b\u1edb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n kinh kh\u1ee7ng. \u0110\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, Diocletian ban h\u00e0nh 4 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ea1i, Kinh Th\u00e1nh b\u1ecb \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o trung t\u00edn b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00fang th\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb thu\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u1eabn v\u00e2ng theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo s\u00e1ch 1 Ti-m\u00f4-th\u00ea 2:1-2, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n xin Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf. Khi b\u1ecb th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ni\u1ec1m tin, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eabn m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i d\u00e0i th\u00eam. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 lan r\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 lai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00ednh La M\u00e3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Alban ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Verulamium g\u1ea7n Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00ec \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa \u1ea9n tr\u00fa. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Diocletian c\u0169ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, qua c\u01a1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1i, kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn v\u01b0\u01a1n m\u00ecnh l\u00ean trong th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee9t d\u1ea5y b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 trung t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG GI\u00c1O PH\u1ee4 C\u1ee6A H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110ang l\u00fac H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3. Nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cao, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho n\u00ean gi\u00fap r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1n.
\nNh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 sau th\u1eddi S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3’ th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quen bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n nay d\u00f9ng trong T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u00fac g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 “th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Barnabas ‘ ‘\u0110\u1ea5ng Ch\u0103n Chi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hermas ‘ th\u01b0 ‘I Clement v\u00e0 II Clement ‘. Hai t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ch Codex Sinaiticus. Hai t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u sau t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ch Codex Alexandrinus, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Phao-l\u00f4, h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, b\u1edfi v\u1eady h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y :<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. ‘B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Barnabas ‘<\/strong> : do m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00f4 danh vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c n\u0103m 78 – 120. N\u1ed9i dung s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Co \u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.
\n2. ‘Hai b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Clement<\/strong> ‘ b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, (I Clement) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do 1 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Phi-e-r\u01a1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 96 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f4 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ba tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai (II Clement) vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 120 – 160 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft.
\n3. ‘B\u1ea3y b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ignatius<\/strong> ‘ gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c An-ti-\u1ed1t (Antioch) vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 110 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111i La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o.
\n4. ‘B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Polycarp ‘<\/strong> do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Si-mi\u1ec7c-n\u01a1 (Smyrna) vi\u1ebft g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Phi-lip v\u00e0o n\u0103m 115. \u00d4ng h\u1ecfi th\u0103m s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ignatius. S\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i qua m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft :’T\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng anh em r\u1ea5t am t\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh Th\u00e1nh’
\n5. ‘S\u1ef1 T\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Polycarp ‘<\/strong> vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 155 do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Polycarp t\u1ea1i Smyrna.
\n6. ‘\u0110\u1ea5ng Ch\u0103n chi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hermas ‘<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch Kh\u1ea3i Th\u1ecb, khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c do Hermas m\u1ed9t C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n La M\u00e3 vi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 anh em v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i La m\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 140.<\/p>\n

7. S\u00e1ch ‘L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a 12 S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 ‘<\/strong> gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 90.
\n8. ‘Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Papias ‘<\/strong> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 145 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u1edf Hieropolis, g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu. Hai c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, l\u00e0 do Papias vi\u1ebft :’M\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Phi-e-r\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c’. V\u00e0 Ma-thi-\u01a1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Aramaic m\u00e0 ‘m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh’
\n9. ‘B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1edfi Diognetus ‘<\/strong> vi\u1ebft h\u1ed3i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng v\u00f4 danh, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ‘linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi’. Trong th\u01b0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng : ‘h\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd theo phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 con, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft tr\u1ebb con. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. H\u1ecd v\u00e2ng theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u1edf v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd’
\nTrong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 3, khi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o cho s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c trong cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111a th\u1ea7n, b\u1edfi v\u1eady nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau trong th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch 6 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 3:<\/strong>
\n– Justin ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o’ (100-165)
\n– Irenaeus (120-200)
\n– Clement \u1edf Alexandria (150-215)
\n– Tertullian (160-230)
\n– Cyprian (220-258)
\n– Origen (182-251)<\/p>\n

1. Justin Martyr (100-165)<\/strong> sinh t\u1ea1i Shechem x\u1ee9 Samaria x\u01b0a, sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p. \u0110ang khi \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Plato, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ‘nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ’ v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ‘ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1’ l\u00e0 th\u1eadt. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m tin r\u1eb1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cao si\u00eau nh\u1ea5t. Khi \u00f4ng du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u00f4ng cho\u00e0ng b\u1ed9 \u00e1o tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i L\u00e3 M\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kinh s\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Tatian, sau
\nn\u00e0y vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ‘B\u1ed1n Tin L\u00e0nh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ‘ Diatessaron. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ‘Bi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9 ‘ (Apology) v\u00e0 ‘\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Trypho ‘ trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf La m\u00e3 n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u00eau \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Justin ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o’.
\n2. Irenaeus (120-200)<\/strong> nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n ‘Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ‘; , trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ‘ Ch\u00faa Christ l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi , Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ ch\u00fang ta, b\u1edfi
\nt\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ch\u00fang ta l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft theo s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 c\u0169ng ngang uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc.
\n3. Clement \u1edf Alexandria (15-215)<\/strong> l\u00e0 vi \u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 hai vi\u1ec7n Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u1edf Alexandria. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. Clement khuy\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tin n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eefa c\u01a1m ch\u00ednh trong ng\u00e0y.
\n\u00d4ng c\u0169ng khuy\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc chung v\u1edbi nhau. Clement l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Plato v\u1edbi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Ga-la-ti 3:24-24 khi vi\u1ebft ‘tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac Ch\u00faa k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p cho \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ng\u01b0\u00f2i Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i’.
\n4. Tertullian (160-230)<\/strong> ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ni\u1ec1m tin h\u0103ng say nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, sinh t\u1ea1i Carthage \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, tin Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 190, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng La Tinh. S\u00e1ch ‘Bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9’ vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 v\u0103n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u00d4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn gh\u1ebd v\u00e0 gay \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y : T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u1ea1i. ‘\u0110\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i; , ‘Huy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh’ \u00f4ng ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o mi\u1ec1n xa k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khu \u1edf M\u00ea-s\u00f4-b\u00f4-ta-mi (Mesopotamia), Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 bi\u00ean th\u00f9y An \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00f3i nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh B\u1eafc Phi, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: ‘Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o r\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Anh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ’. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ghi ch\u00e9p x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 200 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c.
\n5. Cyprian (220-258)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Carthage. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t. Khi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng m\u1edbi tin Ch\u00faa, \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng gi\u00fap H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3, do y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng khuy\u00ean H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh n\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 hai. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb. Tuy nhi\u00ean 8 n\u0103m sau khi g\u1eb7p l\u1eafp th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o.
\n6. Origen (182-251)<\/strong> nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Sinh t\u1ea1i Alexandria, cha m\u1eb9 tin Ch\u00faa, khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Khi cha \u00f4ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o theo \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Christ, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. Khi 18 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh Th\u00e1nh, tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y theo l\u1ed1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p \u1edf Alexandria l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o danh ti\u1ebfng c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u00f4ng Au theo h\u1ecdc. L\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e9p tay nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u1ea1ch. Sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn Caesarea t\u1ea1i Palestine v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng, s\u1eed gia Eusebius \u0111\u00e3 theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.
\nV\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ‘B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eefng Nguy\u00ean T\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean ‘ vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 231, theo l\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Wiliston Walker, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mach l\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u Hy l\u1ea1p’ . Quy\u1ec3n ‘Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Celsus ‘ l\u00e0 ‘b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i’. C\u00f2n h\u01a1n 600 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u00e1n t\u00ean cho \u00f4ng, coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 Augustine.
\n\u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1i S\u00ea-sa-r\u00ea (Caesarea) \u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau, hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm ra ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tra c\u1ee9u C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft ra quy\u1ec1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i danh Hexapla sau 20 n\u0103m c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. S\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh ra 6 b\u1ea3n C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. M\u1ed7i trang s\u00e1ch Hexapla chia l\u00e0m 6 c\u1ed9t. C\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t ch\u00e9p v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Do Th\u00e1i m\u00e0 Origen \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. C\u1ed9t hai l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00e2m b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u1ea5y ra ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p. C\u1ed9t 3, 4 v\u00e0 6 ch\u00e9p ba b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c ra ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p do Aquila, Symmachus v\u00e0 Theodotion d\u1ecbch. C\u1ed9t 5 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Oriten v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n Septuagint (\u1edf c\u1ed9t hai). S\u00e1ch Hexapla kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00ec d\u00e0y nh\u1eefng 6500 trang, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Origen t\u1ea1i Caesarea, trong v\u00f2ng 400 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 tra c\u1ee9u. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfm Palestine v\u00e0o t h\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y th\u00ec s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5t. Nh\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t nung \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ri-c\u00f4 (Jericho). Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a S\u1eed Gia Eusebius (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0) khi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch Haxapla c\u1ee7a Origen. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i :’tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u00e0y (v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Thi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch Hexapla) \u00d4ng Origen nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Jericho \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f2 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Antonius, con Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Severus (kho\u1ea3ng 211)’ (N\u0103m 300 \u0110\u1ebfn 500)<\/p>\n

C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C GI\u00c1O TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ebe QU\u1ed0C LA M\u00c3<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cao b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a Ph\u00fac \u00c2m cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai c\u1ea5p cao nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan trong qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn quanh \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i xa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Edwyn Bevan vi\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch ‘C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o’ nh\u01b0 sau:
\n‘C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u00edt c\u00f3 ai ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u00fac \u00e2m c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u1ebb loi \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u00f4i ra trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00ec kh\u00f3 chinh ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft q\u1ee7a \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf sinh ho\u1ea1t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u01b0a… Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ebft . ‘
\nGi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c d\u1eef, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00e1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c coi ai c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Gi\u1eefa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thanh s\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tan r\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 con c\u00e1i theo h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i thay, kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c nh\u1eefng g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt. H\u1ecd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i, x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n h\u1eefu C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean : ‘\u00d4i ! Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng’ Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e1ng tin v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111em vui v\u1ebb b\u00ecnh an cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9 th\u1ea5y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd suy t\u00e0n d\u1ea7n, l\u1ea1i h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tan r\u00e3, n\u00ean h\u1ecd k\u00eau nhau \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.
\nN\u0103m 200, \u00d4ng Tertullian, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi v\u0103n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu trong quy\u1ec3n ‘Bi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9’ c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 sau :
\n‘Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i, c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng chung r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecdp nhau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi qua l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an ninh, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecdp nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nu\u00f4i ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh \u1ea5y ‘.
\nDanh s\u00e1ch ba k\u1ef3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o lan r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. K\u1ef3 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecdp n\u0103m 256 \u1edf Carthage \u0111\u00e3 qui t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 87 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1. 19 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 24 tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01a1i trong x\u1ee9 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Elivira (grenada) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 305. 9 n\u0103m sau, t\u1ea1i Arles, \u0110\u00f4ng Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 33 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c (trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 3 v\u1ecb t\u1eeb ba v\u00f9ng trong Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 : Londinium, Eboracum v\u00e0 Lindum Colonia) nh\u00f3m k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh T\u00e2y \u00c2u.
\nD\u1ea7u v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 311 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Diocletian l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Galerius, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m qu\u00e2n s\u0129 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng tin Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh truy n\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t. Nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u00eanh ‘h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng’, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ‘quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng’ s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ghi th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i ‘c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc qua kh\u1ecfi’ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.
\nConstantine, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd 23 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m phu t\u00e1 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cao v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd. V\u1edbi s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 311, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Galerius l\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng. Tr\u01b0\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i York t\u00f4n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i cha m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantius. Nay mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c, Constantine ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u00f3c. Sau khi Galerius ch\u1ebft, Constantine d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n s\u0129 qua n\u00fai Alps theo h\u01b0\u1edbng Nam v\u1ec1 La m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1ecfi tay Maxentius l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n Maxentius m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Constantine qua s\u00f4ng. Theo l\u1eddi s\u1eed gia Eusebius, Constantine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1y ‘m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi’ v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef l\u1eeda rao b\u00e1o ‘In hoc signo vinces’ (V\u1edbi d\u1ea5u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng). S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e2m tr\u1eadn \u00f4ng v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u0129 s\u01a1n d\u1ea5u hi\u00eau C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n (hai m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Hy l\u1ea1p Chi v\u00e0 Rho) v\u00e0o m\u0169 tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khi\u00ean c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tin Ch\u00faa. H\u1ecd gi\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn h\u0103ng h\u00e1i v\u00e0 Constantine \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, Maxentius b\u1ecb d\u00ecm ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng Tiber v\u00e0 Constantine l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y.
\nTr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u1edf c\u1ea7u Milvian v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 312 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec khi Constantine nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea5u th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a r\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nN\u0103m 313, Constantine \u0111\u1ebfn Milan d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi em g\u00e1i l\u00e0 Constantia l\u1ea5y Licinius,Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, hai v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd chung m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Milan n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 sau :
\n‘Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o h\u1ecd th\u00edch. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, v\u1eady ai n\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 do th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf m\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn’.
\nS\u1ef1 giao h\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng khi Licinius l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft b\u1edb ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. Chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 323 gi\u1eefa hai Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf. Licinius thua tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Constantine n\u1eafm tr\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La m\u00e3 c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y.
\nNh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c linh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t, Constantine lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o, cho t\u00edn h\u1eefu d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u00ec \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sinh l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecd c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean \u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhanh, th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn cho H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn, m\u01b0\u1edbn th\u1ea7y C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c con ; ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u00e0 Helena l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng \u0111i th\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh, mang tr\u00ean m\u0169 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111inh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb treo, m\u00e0 theo b\u00e0 Helena l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft con trai, gi\u1ebft v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng tin Ch\u00faa th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.
\nPh\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 x\u01b0a \u0111ang suy t\u00e0n, Constantine di chuy\u1ec3n kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Byzantium, tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus. N\u0103m 330 \u00f4ng m\u1eddi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho N\u1eef Trinh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea1nh Mary. Th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y sau l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Constantinople. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem, B\u1ebft-l\u00ea-hem v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng sai c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1eafc gia, x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trang ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n nguy nga l\u00e0m n\u01a1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng.
\nConstantinople cho x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t 50 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1edbi, \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Eusebius, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u1edf S\u00ea-sa-r\u00ea (Caesarea), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (Historia Ecclesiastica), ch\u00e9p ra 50 b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u1edbn. Constantine d\u1eb7n Eusebius t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y Vellum t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5y Papyrus mau h\u01b0. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n d\u1eb7n th\u00eam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3ng xong ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n mang \u0111i, khi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e9p s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng s\u00e1ch xong xu\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople tr\u00ean 2 c\u1ed7 xe c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 \u0111i theo tr\u00f4ng coi.
\nHai b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u1eeda tr\u00ean th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, b\u1ea3n Codex Vaticanus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vatican t\u1ea1i La m\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n Codex Sinaiticus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 hai b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Gia. Theo ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay \u1edf hai b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 n\u1eeda tr\u00ean th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u00e1ch Codex Vaticanus c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u00edt c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Codex Sinaiticus. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 s\u00f3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, s\u00e1ch Codex Sinaiticus c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p c\u1ea3 ‘th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a
\nBarnabas’ v\u00e0 ‘ \u0110\u1ea5ng ch\u0103n chi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hermas’ l\u00e0 hai t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra. Constantine s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft do Arius \u0111\u01b0a ra (xin xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, b\u00e8n tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m t in C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 325. N\u01a1i h\u1ecdp l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nicaea, \u1edf B\u1eafc Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Constantine \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n long tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda phi\u00ean khai m\u1ea1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ec5 nghi, t\u1ecf ra quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng danh hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng La m\u00e3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang l\u00e0 Pontifex Maximus (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch : \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1o Ch\u1ee7) cho \u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3.
\nSu\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam, ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eef cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 tha h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 337, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n \u1edf H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i Constantinople, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3.
\nC\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a Constantine ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sau khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft \u0111i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 Julian (361 – 363) m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 ‘k\u1ebb b\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1o’ l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng khai theo t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n x\u01b0a v\u00e0 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau l\u00ean :’H\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ga-li-l\u00ea! \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng’ \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 392, khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Theodosius I c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang b\u00e1i v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o m\u1edfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c.
\nS\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9o nhau \u0111\u1ebfn xin ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Constantine, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng hay x\u00eda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

T\u00cdN \u0110I\u1ec0U V\u00c0 KINH TH\u00c1NH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o th\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i lo m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n : l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1eddi c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 : T\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ‘Gi\u00ea-xu l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa’ (1 C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f4 12:3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi. T\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2, sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3. T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Linh M\u1ee5c cao tu\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Arius, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Arianism. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Alexandria, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Christ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 Cha, v\u00ec Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o \u1edf Alexandria \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n \u00f4ng Arius v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y sai l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Arius. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Arius l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00ec n\u1ebfu Ch\u00faa Christ ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u1eeda th\u1ea7n t\u00e1nh, th\u00ec kh\u00e1c g\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e2u?
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Arius l\u00e0 Athanasius, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng minh, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o t\u1ea1i Alexandria. Athanasius tin quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf b\u00e0y tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean kinh s\u00e1ch (Gi\u0103ng 1:1-18; C\u00f4-l\u00f4-se 1:15-20; H\u00ea-b\u01a1-r\u01a1 1:1-4). Athanasius c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Arius ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Athanasius vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau : Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u g\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 (C\u00f4-l\u00f4-se 2:9-10) ‘S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ, v\u00e0 anh em l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng’.
\nCu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 thu g\u1ecdn v\u00e0o hai ti\u1ebfng. Phe Athanasius gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (homoiousion) v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. C\u00f2n phe Arius th\u00ec n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Christ c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi (homoiousion), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p, cho cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef. C\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft :’V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u, th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e3i c\u1ecd h\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady’
\nD\u1ea7u v\u1eady, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 an ninh trong \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i Nicaea trong Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho h\u01a1n 300 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda phi\u00ean khai m\u1ea1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Constantine l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Eusebius c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c c\u00f2n mang tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh d\u1ea5u t\u00edch nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tra t\u1ea5n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc Diocletian v\u00e0 Galerius. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Arius, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c Arius c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 phe v\u1edbi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y.
\nTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Athanasius h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 uy t\u00edn v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nicaea. B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ch\u00faa Christ ‘ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 Cha, v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi’. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Constantinople n\u0103m 381 ki\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i Chalcedon duy\u1ec7t y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 451 (70 n\u0103m sau), n\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u00f2ng tin quy\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Christ l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Au, C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Tin L\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb Ch\u00faa Christ. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u00e0i T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nicaea \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed3i, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, sau thuy\u1ebft Arianism l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft Nestorianism v\u00e0 Monophysitism ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 tranh c\u00e3i gay go.
\nT\u00ean c\u1ee7a Athanasius kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ‘T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Nicaea’ nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn 27 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp L\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh n\u0103m 367 g\u1eedi cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u1edf Alexandria l \u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.
\nAthanasius, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ecdc T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc qua nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Septuagint (C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p). \u1ede mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef La Tinh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng La Tinh. V\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef La Tinh \u1ea5y v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 n\u00ean v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Damasus h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 sai th\u1ee9 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u00e0 Jerome so\u00e1t x\u00e9t v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i.
\n\u00d4ng Jerome (340 – 420) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00ean vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi La Tinh trong s\u00e1ng, s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef s\u00fac t\u00edch. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 sau : ‘Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o, s\u1ebd ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9i th\u00eam b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch x\u01b0a v\u00e0 d\u00e1m s\u1eeda nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y’. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ‘t\u00ecm cho ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn’ v\u00e0 \u00f4ng nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u1eeba ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ng\u00e1i ng\u1ee7.
\n\u00d4ng lui v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n B\u1ebft-l\u00ea- hem, t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n H\u00ea-b\u01a1-r\u01a1 c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc ra ti\u1ebfng La Tinh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nhu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ra c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef La Tinh v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Codex Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, khi d\u1ecbch, \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng di\u1ec5n \u00fd nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u0103n thay v\u00ec d\u1ecbch t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 400, mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Vulgate. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n ngay. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi l\u1eddi v\u0103n c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef La Tinh cho r\u1eb1ng Jerome \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sai l\u1ea1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Augustine l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m muc n\u1ed5i danh t\u1ea1i Hippo, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Jerome, n\u00f3i c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi \u0111\u1ecdc theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch La Tinh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Jerome, l\u1eddi v\u0103n l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea3 trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Jerome tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef hereda, khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quen \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Cucurbita \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2y d\u01b0a ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng che cho Gi\u00f4-na. Trong th\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, Jerome c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00fang.
\nCh\u00ednh Augustine c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i v\u0103n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Jerome. V\u00ec khi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u00f4ng che s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef La Tinh. Nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y, b\u1ea3n Vulgate l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng, l\u00e0m cu\u1ed1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Au trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Qua nh\u1eefng n\u0103m d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh, Jerome th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft :’C\u00e1i g\u00ec trong s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh c\u0169ng l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh l\u00f2e s\u00e1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng trong ru\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdt h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu ai mu\u1ed1n \u0103n ru\u1ed9t th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i b\u00f3c v\u1ecf \u0111i’
\nAugustine h\u1eb3n c\u00f2n nh\u1edb h\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e0i b\u00e1c Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00ec kh\u00f4g \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u, n\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khoe ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, hay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00f2a m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 TH\u1edc PH\u01af\u1ee2NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00f3m th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang (C\u00f4-l\u00f4-se 4:15) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb. Nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nguy nga to l\u1edbn, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng Gia b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn \u1ea5y trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn xin ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 nghe nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam nghi l\u1ec5 trang nghi\u00eam h\u01a1n v\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 323, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. John Lateran. Nh\u1edd th\u1edd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t k\u1ec1 b\u00ean l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Plantius Lateranus, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Sylvester I, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3, mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 ‘M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi’. (Urbis et Orbis). C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n c\u0169, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh l\u00e0m to\u00e0 \u00e1n La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Gia. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine trang tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh b\u00f4ng hoa, nh\u00e3 b\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh c\u1eafm n\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c.
\nN\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Constantine l\u1ea1i x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Vatican, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9 Phi-e-r\u01a1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang t\u00ean Phi-e-r\u01a1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 40.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby, c\u00f3 s\u00e2n ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 5 h\u00e0nh lang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1eebng c\u1ed9t, ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 tinh vi. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ee5c hoa v\u00e0 k\u00ednh hoa m\u00e0u. Khi \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1 \u0111i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Phier\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1506 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i danh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Bramanti, Raphael, Michelangelo v\u00e0 Bernini.
\nK\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai ng\u00f4i Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn \u1edf La m\u00e3. Theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Macarius \u1edf Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem \u0111\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi Roman Forum t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t x\u00e1c Ch\u00faa. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 sau n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c sanh. Sau khi Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 70, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u00f2n x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean di t\u00edch \u1ea5y. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n cho Macarius d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb n\u01a1i ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 Helena l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1eefng dinh th\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u00e2y n\u01a1i m\u1ed9 Ch\u00faa Christ. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng x\u00e2y 2 ng\u00f4i Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u00d4-li-ve v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i B\u1ebft-l\u00ea-hem.
\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 Constantine x\u00e2y cho Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3u tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00e1i l\u1edbn c\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 Anastasis c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c La Tinh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3u tr\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y h\u00e3y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u t\u00edch. G\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Anastasis, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00e2n ph\u00eda trong \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u, theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia Eusebius ‘tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec l\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 tr\u00f4ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn… v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0ng l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfu mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u trong \u0111\u1ec1n.’
\nSau khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 335, t\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng qua nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u b\u00fat k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 danh t\u1eeb Bordeaux (Ph\u00e1p). \u00d4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111\u1ec1n khi \u0111ang x\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 333. N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 tin Kinh Th\u00e1nh th\u1eadt t\u00ean l\u00e0 Etheria (ho\u1eb7c Egeria) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng c\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh, tay c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh. N\u0103m 1884 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u01b0 b\u00e0 vi\u1ebft, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti \u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quang c\u1ea3nh l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby b\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh (Holy Sepulcher) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c m\u00e0n, ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u, c\u00e2y c\u1eafm n\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n.
\n\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd nguy nga nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Hagia Sophia do Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Justinian x\u00e2y. T\u00ean nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘S\u1ef1 Kh\u00f4n Ngoan Th\u00e1nh’ (Holy Wisdom) n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb Ch\u00faa Christ. Qua nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i, ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, Anthemios \u1edf Tralles v\u00e0 Isidoros \u1edf Melitus, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Constantinople. Trong l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 537, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Justinian \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: ‘Sa-l\u00f4-m\u00f4n \u01a1i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1n \u00f4ng x\u00e2y’. \u0110\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c (Christ Roman Empire) ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 15. Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Sophia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c. B\u00ean trong ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 nguy nga. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Byzantine. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3u Byzantine. Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Hagia Sophia l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5, do \u0111\u00f3 ngai c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd. Khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm Constantinople v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1453, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Byzantine.
\nTrong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1edbi huy ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, \u00e2m thanh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a v\u1eabn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Ai ai d\u00f9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Kinh Th\u00e1nh nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, th\u00eam ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gian, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n Y-s\u01a1-ra-\u00ean , v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ, cho ta s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u1ebd th\u1eadt C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n d\u1eaft h\u1ecd, nh\u1edd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Th\u00e1nh Kinh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi bao g\u1ed3m trong Tin L\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf.
\nNh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 B\u00e1p T\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam t\u1ea1i Ravenna \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t l\u00ean v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Irenaeus nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 B\u00e1p T\u00eam cho con tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 185, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1eef l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt v\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Christ Ph\u1ee5c Sanh. Trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1i nam ng\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ph\u00e1i n\u1eef ng\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t b \u00ean, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i. Thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng hay ng\u1ed3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 gh\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 con tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ri \u00eang, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c chu \u0111\u00e1o s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00f3i tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c l\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u00e0o, c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee3t hay ng\u1ee7 g\u1eadt. L\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 2 ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ai d\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd h\u00e1t Thi Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecdc C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4 hay c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh. \u0110o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i x\u01b0a (Lu-ca 4:16-21). Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u00fac ph\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam \u0111i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0.
\nNh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong l\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ed5 t\u00fac nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c theo phong t\u1ee5c Do Th\u00e1i, ghi ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 d\u00ednh nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i n\u00e0o, \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 Tu\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh, Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, Gi\u00e1ng Sinh v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec3n Linh (Epiphany, 6 th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang) l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Christ t\u1ef1 t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh cho d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00ea-l\u00ea-hem.
\nPh\u1ea7n thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7c Th\u00e1nh, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 ra v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 B\u00e1p T\u00eam \u1edf l\u1ea1i. Sau khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i :’Kyrie Eleison’ (Xin Ch\u00faa th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t) H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u C\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n chung. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 l\u1ec5 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o l\u1ec5, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng xung quanh kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 Ti\u1ec7c Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ec5 C\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 (Eucharist). Danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p Eucharistia (T\u1ea1 \u01a0n) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1 \u01a1n v\u00ec Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu hy sinh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban cho d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ trong b\u00e1nh v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ec5 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m ban s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. ‘N\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ta v\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e0 ph\u00f3 cho … ch\u00e9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi trong huy\u1ebft ta’ (1 C\u00f4-rinh-t\u00f4 11:24-25 ; M\u00e1c 14:22-24).<\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG GI\u1ea2NG S\u01af V\u00c0 NG\u01af\u1edcI L\u00c3NH \u0110\u1ea0O N\u1ed4I DANH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0. \u00d4ng ta gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang v\u1ed7 tay khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00edch th\u00fa. C\u00f3 ba v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i danh th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c: \u00d4ng John Chrysostom \u1edf H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Ambrose v\u00e0 Augustine \u1edf H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y.
\nJohn Chrysostom (245 – 407)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 Hy L\u1ea1p xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chrysostom, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0ng’ v\u00ec \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng theo ki\u1ec3u ‘h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng’ nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen l\u00e0m h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00ean m\u1eddi l\u00e2n bang x\u00f3m gi\u1ec1ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh chung v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t hay v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, do \u0111\u00f3 trong 12 n\u0103m \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i An-ti-\u1ed1t (Antioch). C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang v\u1ed7 tay ca ng\u1ee3i \u00f4ng, l\u00fac \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng v\u1ed7 tay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Danh \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i. N\u0103m 398, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf m\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Constantinople l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf An-ti-\u1ed1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng say m\u00ea nghe \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng lung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i y ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Eudoxia cho l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 cho n\u00ean c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u can gi\u00e1n \u00f4ng. H\u1ecd tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i vu v\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111i Armenia. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Innocent I l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, d\u1ee9t th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Constantine nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng John Chrysostom qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y.
\nAmbrose (337 – 397)<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh. Khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Milan. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u00e2n Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng c\u00e3i c\u1ecd \u1ed3n \u00e0o. \u00d4ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, b\u00e8n \u0111i v\u00e0o trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u0110ang
\nkhi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi la, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng reo l\u00ean : ‘Ambrose l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c’ Tuy \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng cho s\u1ef1 reo h\u00f2 kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb ch\u1ecbu phong ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c sau l\u1ec5 B\u00e1p T\u00eam v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng \u0111em ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, \u0111em t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4c ch\u1ec9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. L\u00f2ng trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u00eam \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u1edf H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y.
\n\u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00ean \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft :’T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng khoe m\u00ecnh v\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng khoe m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed9c. T\u00f4i
\nkh\u00f4ng khoe m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha th\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i’. V\u1ec1 Kinh th\u00e1nh \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft :’Tr\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng trang Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Kinh Th\u00e1nh, k\u1ebb \u1ea5y nghe ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ph\u00e1n :’A \u0111am ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?’
\nT\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Thi Thi\u00ean cho h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p. \u00d4ng ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Th\u00e1nh Ca x\u01b0a ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 4 d\u00f2ng, c\u00f3 b\u00e0i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh Ca hi\u1ec7n nay, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i ca ng\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb l\u1eddi ca ng\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p x\u01b0a. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u1ea1i Milan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1eddi ca ng\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p x\u01b0a n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘Ambrosian Chant’
\nDanh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Theodosius ngay t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u00d4ng c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4ng khai nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u00ea-sa-l\u00f4-ni-ca (Thessalonica) v\u00e0 xin \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi tha t\u1ed9i cho. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Theodosius ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a uy quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c linh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gian.
\n\u00d4ng Ambrose c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n. Augustine th\u00edch nghe \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng , v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3.
\nAugustine (354 – 430)<\/strong> sinh t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi, cha l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u1ed3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Monica. Tuy khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1c th\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vui ch\u01a1i n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u0103m chi\u00eau d\u00f2 t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u Kinh Th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi l\u1eddi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng khi \u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 La Tinh V\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. Sau khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 khoa lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u1edf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Milan, ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Milan \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ambrose thu h\u00fat.
\n\u00d4ng Ambrose l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam cho Augustine v\u00e0o n\u0103m 387. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi. \u00d4ng d\u00e2ng tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa, nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u00fa Kinh Th\u00e1nh vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Hippo. Khi qu\u00e2n Vandal \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e2y Hippo th\u00ec \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi.
\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Augustine trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Phao-l\u00f4 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. N\u0103m 400 c\u00f3 Pelagius, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc g\u1ed1c Anh c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 Ai Nh\u0129 lan, \u0111\u1ebfn La M\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Pelagius d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ai n\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 415, Augustine vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Jerome, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda t\u1ea1i Tu Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ebft-l\u00ea-hem, t\u1ecf \u00fd lo l\u1eafng l\u00e0 Pelagius c\u00f3 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, Jerome vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi Pelagius, g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ‘k\u1ebb ngu nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1m k\u1ebb ngu, tr\u00ed \u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1i t\u0103m v\u00ec \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e1o l\u00faa Ai Nh\u0129 Lan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Pelagius, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 Pelagius n\u00eau ra v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Augustine l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n vi\u1ebft th\u01b0, lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft, vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. N\u0103m tr\u0103m b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Hai quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u xa trong C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n X\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i (Confessions) v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi (De Civitate Del). Quy\u1ec3n ‘X\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i ‘ vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 400 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c linh, n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tin k\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm, ch\u1ec9 thua Phao-l\u00f4. Trong l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau :’Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh Ch\u00faa, l\u00f2ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 trong Ch\u00faa’.
\n\u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n ‘Th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ‘ v\u00e0o n\u0103m 412, t\u00ean s\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y \u1edf Thi-thi\u00ean 87:3. M\u1edbi hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, vua qu\u00e2n Visigoth l\u00e0 Alaric \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do tai n\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed5 cho H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n x\u01b0a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u1eabn gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, Augustine c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Alaric trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 t\u1ea5n k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, l\u00ean r\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng Th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, n\u01a1i \u1ea9n tr\u00fa v\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n m\u00e3i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh l\u1eabn \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ‘Th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ‘ c\u1ee7a Augustine. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Charlemagne th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1i l\u00fac n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe TU VI\u1ec6N L\u00daC BAN \u0110\u1ea6U<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u00f3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 th\u00ec c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdc ra nhanh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf gian. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ebf gian \u1ea5y, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1eeb tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c linh, n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi qua l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng tin k\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.
\nAnthony (250 – 350)<\/strong> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tu vi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, sau khi nghe \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00e2u :’H\u00e3y \u0111i, b\u00e1n h\u1ebft gia t\u00e0i m\u00ecnh , \u0111em th\u00ed cho k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a b\u00e1u \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi r\u1ed3i h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 theo ta’ (M\u00e1c 10:21) \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m theo ngay l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng lui v\u1ec1 sa m\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c d\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, k\u00e9o v\u00e0o sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c hang h\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00f3m th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0103n chung. Anthony \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Abbot.
\nNhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y tu trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam. V\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Alexandria l\u00e0 Athanasius, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n kia b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y tu n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thanh \u0111\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng b\u00e8n vi\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Anthony. T \u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi n\u00e0y.
\nPachomius (292 – 346)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00ednh Ai C\u1eadp, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi: ‘C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang g i\u1edd th\u00ec h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. V\u00e0o gi\u1eef th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, c\u00f3 10 tu vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp. B\u00e0 ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Pachomius c\u0169ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp 2 tu vi\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.
\nV\u00e0o n\u0103m 362, Martin \u1edf Tours, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia l\u1ea5y \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh khu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Poitiers (Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng Jerome v\u1eeba d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1eeba tr\u00f4ng nom m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i B\u1ebft-l\u00ea-hem. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t n\u1eef tu vi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 do hai m\u1eb9 con b\u00e0 Paula m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd tranh \u00f4ng Jerome ng\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n b\u00e0n g i\u1ea5y, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf, b\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed3i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n.
\nBasil (330 – 370)<\/strong> Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh S\u00ea-sa-r\u00ea (Caesaria) \u1edf x\u1ee9 C\u00e1p-ba-\u0111\u1ed1c (Cappadocia) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea3n T\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u Nicaea, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng tu vi\u1ec7n do Pachomius l\u1eadp ra. Basil \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tu vi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tuy l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chung c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra quy lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 8 bu\u1ed5i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd xen k\u1ebb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng hay nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u00edch nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb em. B\u00e0 Macrina ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Basil \u1edf
\nCaesarea v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Gregory \u1edf Nissa, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1eef tu.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH B\u00c0NH TR\u01af\u1edaNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e2ng l\u1ec7nh Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111i rao Tin L\u00e0nh ‘cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t’ (C\u00f4ng-v\u1ee5 1:8). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Constantine ban s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Milan, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba La M\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Anh l\u00e0 Alban, \u00f4ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Diocletian h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1i t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. N\u0103m 314 c\u00f3 3 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf Arles (Ph\u00e1p).
\nV\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u1ee9 Armenia, m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. X\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. Gregory \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi soi s\u00e1ng’ \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean vua Tiridates tin Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam cho vua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 301, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra 11 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Constantine chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf c\u1ea7u Milvian, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 mang d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nPh\u00eda B\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Danube, c\u00f3 Ulfilas (311 – 383) m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 ‘S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goth’ \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1eddi Visigoth tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tin Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y tin Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1i Constantinople v\u00e0 n\u0103m 341 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh. V\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Goth ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00ean Ulfilas ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La Tinh m\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p v\u1ea7n Gothic \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ti\u1ebfng Gothic. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, m\u1ed9t Linh M\u1ee5c c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u1edf Armenia, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mestrop c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Armenia. Trong t\u1eadp kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Kenneth Scott Latourette k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn :’Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ra ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u1ee3p chung l\u1ea1i’.
\nUlfilas t\u00f4n k\u00ednh b\u1ea3n v\u0103n x\u01b0a n\u00ean \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng e ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch ‘C\u00e1c Vua’, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch, s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i m\u00e1u chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u00fd th\u1ee9 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Gothic, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Codex Argenteus ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u00edm, hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Uppsala, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n.
\nNh\u1edd c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Ulfilas n\u00ean khi c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n Visigoth, Ostrogoth, Vandal, Burgundian v\u00e0 Lombard v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1edd c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c di d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tin Ch\u00faa r\u1ed3i. C\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ch\u00fang La M\u00e3, v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai.
\nNh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Celtic \u1edf Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng Patrick (389 – 461) h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. Ong n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba t\u1eeb khi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Anh. Khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng to\u00e1n c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u1eeb Ai Nh\u0129 Lan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u1edf x\u1ee9 Wales, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111em v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t Ai Nh\u0129 Lan ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o. Ong \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 6 n\u0103m l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u0103n b\u1ea7y chi\u00ean cho ch\u1ee7. Theo l\u1eddi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ‘m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y 100 c\u00e2u, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, khi ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong r\u1eebng trong n\u00fai’. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam kia, trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, \u00f4ng nghe ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i :’Chi\u1ebfc t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n xong’, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ed9i ra b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0u cho \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i nghe ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i gi\u1ed1ng Ai Nh\u0129 Lan c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 van n\u00e0i \u00f4ng :’H\u1ee1i con tr\u1ebb th\u00e1nh, h\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111i gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa’. Ong theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Gaul (ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 432 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ai Nh\u0129 Lan. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c tin Ch\u00faa, l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u00e2p c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn. Sau 29 n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, Ai Nh\u0129 Lan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o.
\nClovis (466 – 511) khi 15 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i vua c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Salian Franks, v\u00e0 \u0111em b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung n\u01b0\u00f3c Ph\u00e1p (Gaul). Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n Frank ch\u1ecbu quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u1ee3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Clotilda, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Burgundian, v\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng La M\u00e3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00f2ng Arian, n\u00ean khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 496 t\u1ea1i Rheims, vua v\u00e0 3000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu B\u00e1p T\u00eam. Clovis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang La M\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf mang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edd c\u00f5i t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Rhine \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eb7ng n\u00fai Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 theo thuy\u1ebft Arius t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi v\u1eady Clovis \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u1ea5y Paris l\u00e0m kinh \u0111\u00f4, x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ed3, sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Genevieve. V\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n trong \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n Franks ng\u1ea3 theo ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin chung c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n La M\u00e3, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft Arius v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady T\u00e2y Au c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u1ebf k\u00fd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (300 – 500), nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ‘m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn’, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung \u1ed5, H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

(N\u0103m 500 \u0110\u1ebfn 1500)<\/strong>
\nT\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH SAU KHI \u0110\u1ebe QU\u1ed0C LA M\u00c3 SUY S\u1ee4P<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t cao \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n minh, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan r\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c man r\u1ee3 xung quanh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edd c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, La M\u00e3 tuy c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa c\u1ea9n m\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t x\u00e2m l\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Nam v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00f4ng Danube, s\u00f4ng Rhine, v\u00e0 B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, r\u1ed3i ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n theo gi\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0o t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7.
\nNh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn x\u00e2m l\u0103ng l\u1edbn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 410 – 442, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng h\u01a1n 300 n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Anh Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng La M\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u1edb cho nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng to\u00e1n c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda k\u00e9o v\u00e0o: t\u1eeb ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn Pick, t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn Jut, Angle v\u00e0 Saxon. \u1ede n\u01b0\u00f3c \u00dd sau khi vua Alaric v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Visigoth c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 410, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u0103ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 452, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Hung N\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Attila. \u0110o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1 k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3 n\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Leo I, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ra g\u1eb7p Attila, kh\u00f4ng b i\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Attila c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Attila r\u00fat lui. H\u00e0nh vi can \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00e0y n\u00e2ng uy t\u00edn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf khi c\u00e1c quan cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1 b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u00a0 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ra l\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i.
\nV\u00e0o n\u0103m 476 l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ‘s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5’, qu\u00e2n Ostrogoth h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf La M\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f2n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 tr\u00e0n chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1453. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft, lo\u1ea1n ly gh\u00ea g\u1edbm \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i nay nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ‘th\u1eddi t\u0103m t\u1ed1i’. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n man r\u1ee3, khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi h\u1ecd ao \u01b0\u1edbc, li\u1ec1n g\u1ea5p r\u00fat h\u1ecdc theo l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1t ngay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh tay c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, n\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y ph\u00e1 tan t\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n minh ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng th\u1eadt ra ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u1eefa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t cho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kinh h\u00e3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 kh\u00e9o trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i danh d\u00e2n La M\u00e3. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y g\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 t r\u00fa t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng m\u00e1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng th\u00ec c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0 lu\u00f4n. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 50.000, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng. Tai h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u1edf La M\u00e3, Alexandria, Carthage, Milan b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bi\u1ebfn, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc hay bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m th\u1ea7y tu.
\nV\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 \u00f4ng Gregory, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Tours, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i : ‘nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft h\u1eb3n gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ed3i’
\nTrong th\u1eddi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n man r\u1ee3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p – La M\u00e3, ch\u00ednh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n v\u1edbt v\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i. H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh nh\u1edd c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin chung, v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trung n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c La M\u00e3, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m La M\u00e3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1edd Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5, H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh c\u00f2n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef La Tinh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn gi\u1ea3ng cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, ni\u1ec1m ph\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111em v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u00eap m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n d\u00f9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n an sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eefng h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m. H\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1eebng s\u1eefng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nh\u1eafc cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

CH\u1ebe \u0110\u1ed8 TU VI\u1ec6N<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00ec l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng tu vi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng h\u1ebft \u00fd h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa Christ n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong tu vi\u1ec7n c\u1ed1t d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i. Tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n l\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u00f4i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y tu \u0111i rao truy\u1ec1n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n man r\u1ee3. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng tu c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u00fac n\u00ean h\u1ecd hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 sinh hoa l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu d\u1ecdn c\u1ecf, d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tr\u1ed3ng hoa m\u00e0u, chia khu tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i v\u01b0\u1eddn nho, nu\u00f4i b\u00f2, c\u1eebu, g\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng trang t\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb thi\u00ean n hi\u00ean theo l\u1ed1i d\u1ea1y trong \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd.
\nCh\u00ednh c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho t\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Cassiodorus (480 – 575) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1ecfi, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp 2 tu vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u00f3c \u00dd. Khi xong nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0m th\u01b0 k\u00fd cho \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Theodoric, \u00f4ng r\u00fat v\u1ec1 tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vivarjim, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng thu g\u00f3p s\u00e1ch, l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n x\u01b0a, d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch Hy L\u1ea1p ra ti\u1ebfng La Tinh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nhu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n Vulgate La Tinh c\u1ee7a Jerome c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ch\u00e9p tay kh\u1ea3 tin nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong kho\u1ea3ng 150 n\u0103m sau khi s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p sai nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n g\u1eafn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ngay \u0111ang th\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m h\u1eafc \u00e1m bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 T\u00e2y Au.
\n\u00d4ng Benedict \u1edf Nursia (480 – 547) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i danh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadt d\u00f2ng Benedictine \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba phong tr\u00e0o tu vi\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Au kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 529 \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tu vi\u1ec7n m\u1eabu, d\u00f2ng Benedictine tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Monte Cassino, kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Naples. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu vi\u1ec7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean. Tuy \u00f4ng Benedict tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tu s\u0129, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00f3i : ‘Nh\u00e0n h\u1ea1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n’. Su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ph\u00e1i Benedictine \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p 24 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, 200 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 v\u0103n s\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh.
\nCh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tu vi\u1ec7n Celtic (v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Ph\u00e1p) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Benedictine v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n do Patrick s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp sau 432, nh\u1eefng con trai v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1edbn \u1edf Ai Nh\u0129 Lan th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n l\u1ec1u, v\u00e1ch l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y \u0111an, xung quanh c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t. \u01a0 \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean \u1ed5n ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u00ec kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tranh h\u00f9ng tranh b\u00e1.
\nC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng ham h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tu vi\u1ec7n Ai Nh\u0129 Lan kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u00f4ng Finnian khi \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Clunard v\u00e0o n\u0103m 520. Tu vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n Clomacnois, Bangor, Derry, Durrow v\u00e0 Kells. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 7 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n tu vi\u1ec7n Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00f4n : La Tinh, Hy L\u1ea1p, to\u00e1n s\u1ed1, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i t\u1eeb Au Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n th\u1eddi c\u00e1c vua Carolingian t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p (t\u1eeb 751 tr\u1edf \u0111i). N\u0103m 563, Columba l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Finnian, c\u00f9ng 12 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf b\u1ecdc da th\u00fa kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Scotla nd \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan (\u0111\u1ea3o Iona, thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Inner Hebrides). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Celtic. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd rao truy\u1ec1n danh Ch\u00faa kh\u1eafp T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Northumbria. \u00d4ng Adamnan sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng tu vi\u1ec7n Iona c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Columba, v\u00e0 trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt h\u1ed3 Loch Ness. S\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01a1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 lui \u0111i khi \u00f4ng Columba l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u th\u1eadp t\u1ef1. N\u0103m 634, Aidan, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu \u1edf Iona l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n t r\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Lindisfarne ngo\u00e0i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. T\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp Northumbria, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y bao nhi\u00eau d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo Saxon x\u00e2m l\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00f4i x\u00f3a h\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y tu Ai Nh\u0129 Lan c\u0169ng sang Ch\u00e2u Au l\u1eadp tu vi\u1ec7n St. Gall \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, tu vi\u1ec7n Bobbio \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00dd. Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n x\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch
\ntrang tr\u00ed s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u trang tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Celtic (T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Au) l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng La Tinh ch\u00e9p tay, trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t qu\u0103n cu\u1ed1n v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh th\u00fa r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, goi l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n Kells. S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0m xong h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8, th\u1ee9 9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em v\u1ec1 Kells \u1edf \u00c1i Nh\u0129 Lan t rong th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Au c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Ba Ng\u00f4i (Trinity) t\u1ea1i Dublin. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Celtic l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n Dorron (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ; v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Tin L\u00e0nh Lindisfarne, s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh \u1edf London. Nh\u1eefng trang tr\u00ed trong quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 hoa m\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1edd l\u00e0 thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 h\u1ecda ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nTrong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i sang truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 \u00f4ng Infrid (Winfrith) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Anglo Saxon \u1edf Devonshire, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb tu vi\u1ec7n Benedictine g\u1ea7n Winchester. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory III \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Boniface (680 – 754). V\u1ecb ‘S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c’ n\u00e0y (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady) l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Charles Martel (\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Charlemagne). Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Thuringia, Hesse, Franconia v\u00e0 Bavaria qua c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m Benedictine l\u1edbn, d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Mainz v\u00e0o n\u0103m 746, \u00f4ng Boniface, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. L\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Friesland (H\u00f2a Lan) n\u01a1i \u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi tay b\u1ecdn ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Notan.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ni\u1ec1m tin s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3i. V\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00ean lo vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu l\u00fd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ed1i ren ‘nh\u01b0 t\u01a1 v\u00f2’, lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c kh \u00f4ng ng\u1eebng g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n v\u00e0o tu vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean \u1ed5n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch. \u01a0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch t h\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng trang tr\u00ed ch\u1eef, h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc ph\u1ea9m, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, th\u00eau, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 kim kh\u00ed, th\u1ee7y tinh, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 vinh quang \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi.
\nC\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u chu\u1ed9ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t, n\u00ean c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n. Nay l\u1ea1i l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng gian nan v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 khi k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong tu vi\u1ec7n l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch.
\nN\u0103m 910, c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Aquitaine l\u00e0 William the Pious l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Cluny, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 v\u00e0 11. Hai \u00f4ng vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Berno v\u00e0 Odo \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea7m r\u1eadp. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 phong tr\u00e0o Cluny l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t, nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 b\u1ed3i, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc, ph\u00f2ng ch\u00e9p s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.
\nD\u00f2ng Cluny c\u0169ng h\u01a1i \u0111i qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n xa x\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac qu\u00e1 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, n\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng Cistercian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1098 trong r\u1eebng Citeaux g\u1ea7n Dijon. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12. V\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 3 g\u1ed1c Anh Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Stephen Harding (1134), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00edt th\u00ec gi\u1edd th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng ra c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t c\u1ecf, nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng l\u1ea7y m\u1edf mang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng ngh\u1ec1 len v\u00e0o Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0o Au Ch\u00e2u, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. Trong v\u00f2ng 150 n\u0103m, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 600 tu vi\u1ec7n xin gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tu vi\u1ec7n Citeaux, nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 St. Bernard (1090 – 1153) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tu vi\u1ec7n Clairvaux v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.
\nSt. Bernard th\u00edch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i : \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i ‘chi\u1ebfu ra’ ch\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vui tai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c n\u1ebfu gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 b\u1eeba b\u00e3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh l\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t tinh th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh. \u00d4ng khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean quay v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh Th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft danh \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf T\u00e2y Au, \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c Th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u1eb3ng may th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 13 \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i, nay c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u1edbi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, nay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng kh\u1ea5t s\u0129, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Tu s\u0129 (Ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Monachs \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 (ti\u1ebfng La Tinh Franter, ti\u1ebfng Anh x\u01b0a : Frere : anh em) kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong tu vi\u1ec7n k\u00edn m\u00e0 \u0111i ra gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u00e2n \u1edf.
\nD\u00f2ng black Friar c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dominican l\u00e0 do \u00f4ng Dominic g\u1ed1c (1170 – 1221) \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Castile (T\u00e2y Ban Nha) s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Languedoc (Ph\u00e1p) v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3ng v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 Dominican \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi m\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111i h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd mang theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00fai, nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ‘gi\u1ea3i \u00e1o’ c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp d\u00f2ng Grey Friar th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng Franciscan, ai c\u0169ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1126) \u00f4ng vui t\u00ednh, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 anh ch\u1ecb em, \u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c linh cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp d\u00f2ng Friars \u0111i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, khi m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng kia v\u00e0o gi\u1edd l\u1ec5, m\u1ed9t Linh M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh Ma-thi-\u01a1 10:5-14 Ch\u00faa sai 12 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin L\u00e0nh. D\u00f2ng Franciscan thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3.
\nSau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn hai d\u00f2ng kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 Dominican v\u00e0 Franciscan, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang.<\/p>\n

H\u1eccC THU\u1eacT V\u00c0 TRI\u1ebeT L\u00dd C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C TH\u1edcI TRUNG C\u1ed4<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u00ea man, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean uy quy\u1ec1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Aristotle n\u1eefa. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y t\u1eeb Anselm, Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Bec, sau l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Canterbury v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1093. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec tr\u00ed \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai h\u01a1n, v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Anselm l\u00e0 Fides Quaerens Intelligentiam’ ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘Ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u’ n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tin quy\u1ebft, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh.
\nNhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ebft gia th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a hai ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y. Trong th\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin k\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng khi v\u00f4 l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 khi \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 ‘ch\u1ebb s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i’. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 : C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 c\u00f3 t h\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t m\u0169i kim? Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00ean l\u00f2ng ham h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean k\u00e9o nhau \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 Oxford, c\u1ea3 hai bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i danh v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 12, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Aristotle, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1120 – 1220 nh\u1edd s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a 2 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Tri\u1ebft giaAvarres g\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u1ea2 R\u1eadp,v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Maimonides g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp Au Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Peter Abelard, William of Champeaux, Hugh of St. Victor, v\u00e0 Peter Lombard.
\n\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Dominican v\u00e0 Franciscan d\u1ea1y \u1edf Paris v\u00e0 Oxford. Hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y Dominican xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc l\u00e0 Albertus Magnus (c. 1280) m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Aristotle v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Thomas Aquinas (1274). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ‘C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c h\u00f3a Aristotle’. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1ed9 Summa Theologiae v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1265 \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Thi s\u0129 Dante x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean n\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Divine Comedy, \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aquinas.
\nNg\u00e0y nay, quy\u1ec3n Summa c\u1ee7a Thomas Aquinas l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Thomism.
\nD\u00f2ng Franciscan c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft Thomism. \u00d4ng Bonaventura (1274) ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed St. Francis v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00f2ng Franciscan, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Thomas Aquinas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris. \u00d4ng tranh c\u00e3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nNh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Franciscan \u1edf Oxford l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng Aquinas xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, Roger Bacon (1294) m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Aristotle \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch La Tinh v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Aristotle, (Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p), \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1eadt v\u00ec \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 huy nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i xe kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o, \u0111i t \u1ea7u bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bu\u1ed3m hay ch\u00e8o!
\nDuns Scotus (1308) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m Franciscan \u1edf Oxford l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ebft gia ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n.
\nSau r\u1ed1t, William of Ockham (1349) h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Duns Scotus, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Oxford, thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Franciscan, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u1ea7m l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Aristotle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Scholasticism b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n suy s\u1ee5p. Ockham d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o uy quy\u1ec1n Kinh th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng hay gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng Martin Luther ca ng\u1ee3i, t\u00f4n \u00f4ng Ockham l\u00e0’ th\u1ea5y y\u00eau qu\u00fd’ D\u00f9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 (Scholasticism) kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, c\u0169ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n, phong ph\u00fa, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Gothic ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Au Ch\u00e2u kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i t\u1ed1i t\u0103m.<\/p>\n

CH\u1ebe \u0110\u1ed8 GI\u00c1O HO\u00c0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t. L\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Linh M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘pope’ t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ng\u1eef La Tinh ‘Papa’ (cha). Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 danh hi\u1ec7u ‘Pope’ \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c La M\u00e3. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9, Gregory VII m\u1edbi ra l\u1ec7nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng th\u00f4i.
\nS\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 Phi-e-r\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh Phi-e-r\u01a1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, sau n\u1eefa l\u00e0 theo 3 \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh Ma-thi-\u01a1 16:18-19; Lu-ca 22:32; Gi\u0103ng 21:15-17 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Phi-e-r\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc Ch\u00faa giao cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh.
\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Leo the Great (400 – 461) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u La M\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi Attila c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ee3 Hung (Hun) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Phi-e-r\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp Phi-e-r\u01a1 l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c La M\u00e3.
\nN\u0103m 445, Leo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Valentinian III ban s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, v\u00ec v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ‘uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Phi-e-r\u01a1’
\n\u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gregory the Great (540 – 604) c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u trong s\u1ed1 16 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng mang t\u00ean Gregory. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3; khi \u00f4ng t r\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7y tu \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 7 tu vi\u1ec7n Benedictine t r\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft: M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia Gregory th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u00f3c hung b\u1ecb rao b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u1ee3 La M\u00e3. \u00d4ng h\u1ecfi: ‘Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ai?’ ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Angle \u1edf Anh \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i :’Sao l\u1ea1i b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Angle, m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t thi\u00ean s\u1ee9, th\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang’. \u00d4ng n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111em nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Angle tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng sau 3 ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng k\u00eau \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.
\nN\u0103m 590 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 tuy c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2u n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. Ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111ang l\u00fac quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00fat k\u00e9m, \u00f4ng m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard, ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc, nu\u00f4i k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng hoa l\u1ee3i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 bang giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vua \u1edf Au Ch\u00e2u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng.
\nGi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy tr\u00ec k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Constantinople. N\u0103m 596, v\u00ec c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n rao truy\u1ec1n Tin L\u00e0nh cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c, \u00f4ng Gregory sai b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Augustine \u1edf Canterbury c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 40 th\u1ea7y tu xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb tu vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, \u0111i mang s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo Saxon. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00ean b\u1edd \u1edf Kent, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf Canterbury v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n Anh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa.
\nTr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, \u00f4ng Gregory l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng t\u00e0i ba h\u01a1n h\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Williston Walket vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau trong quy\u1ec3n ‘l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c’. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng Gregory \u0111\u0103 nh\u1eb1m. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Servus Servorum Dei,’ ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c t\u00f4i t\u1edb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1edd t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Augustine, v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i danh \u1edf Hippo. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ca nh\u1ea1c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng Gregory b\u00e8n l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t cho L\u1ec5 Mi Sa. Lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u ca Gregory hay l\u00e0 Plain Song, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba h\u00e1t v\u1eeba n\u00f3i.
\nTh\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi hay x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Pepin the Short con c\u1ee7a Charles Martel v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Charlemagne, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf v\u1ecb vua v\u00f4 quy\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Merovingian v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c vua c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Frank. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng nh\u1edd Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Zacharias gi\u00fap.
\nZacharias v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng chu\u1ea9n y ngay, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng :’Th\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vua, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1eef k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 x\u01b0ng vua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng’. Trong l\u1ec5 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho vua \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed1c Frank n\u00e2ng cao c\u00e1i khi\u00ean m\u00e0 Pepin \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 751 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n, vua t\u1ef1 do l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gratyia Dei Rex Francorum, ‘Vua d\u00e2n Frank b\u1edfi \u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’. M\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbc vua n\u1ea3y sinh ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, theo l\u1eddi s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Edward Gibbon ‘M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ee9c nay h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa’. M\u1ed9t vua, ‘b\u1edfi \u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa tr\u1eddi t\u1eeb nay s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi
\ntr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh vua tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Pepin nh\u1eabn \u1ee9c d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng ni\u1ec7m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u00e9p hay r\u00fat l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5.
\nV\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp Zacharias l\u00e0 Stephen II l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m v\u1eefng th\u00eam uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u Pepin, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh St. Denis g\u1ea7n Paris v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho Pepin l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa! \u00d4ng c\u0169ng x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u cho Pepin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a Pepin, ban cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u “nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3’. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00e1o \u01a1n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, Pepin ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n qua \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Lombard. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, Pepin t\u1eb7ng cho Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ravenna \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine. V\u1ee5 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘q\u00f9a t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Pepin’ v\u00e0o n\u0103m 756 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 sau : n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o cho quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1870.
\nCon c\u1ee7a Pepin l\u00e0 Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf (742 – 814) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean g\u00e2y ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u00e1nh. Charlemagne l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u cho n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con tin k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee3i khen nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Charlemagne c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng phong ch\u1ee9c cho gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u00ecnh.
\nNg\u00e0y Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo III \u0111\u1eb7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng, khi \u00f4ng qu\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng St. Peter \u1edf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng Sinh n\u0103m 800, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch ‘th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’ c\u1ee7a Augustine,
\nCharlemagne ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi.
\nTrong m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 cho Leo, Charlemagne v\u00ed Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 A-r\u00f4n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 M\u00f4i-se. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Charlemagne l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng.
\nTrong cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n th\u00e2n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 tham nh\u0169ng lan tr\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n b\u00e1n mua, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Trung C\u1ed5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Hildebrand, \u00f4ng sinh t\u1ea1i Tuscany, h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 trong m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng Cluny (Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17). N\u0103m 1073 trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00e1m tang Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Alexander II c\u1eed h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. John Lateran, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n Hildebrand l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Peter v\u00e0 t\u00f4n \u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb.
\n\u00d4ng l\u1ea5y t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Gregory VII (1220 – 1085) v\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho quy\u1ec1n v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng cao tr\u00ean h\u1ebft. Trong n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec cao v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang l\u00e0 ch\u0103n b\u1ea7y chi\u00ean C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e3 man. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ban cho t\u1eeb tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. Ong \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e2ng theo l\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o c\u00e1c Vua Ph\u00e1p, Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u00e2ng theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a cho William the Conqueror bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a vua v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y sau r\u1ed1t, Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vua. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Henry IV \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00ean b\u1ecb d\u1ee9t th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng. Henry IV mu\u1ed1n xin \u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u1edf Canossa, \u00f4ng \u0111i ch\u00e2n tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, quang c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.
\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Innocent III (1198 – 1216) m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i cai tr\u1ecb, n\u00e2ng quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t. Ong tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c linh \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua th\u1ebf gian qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c vua th\u1ebf gian ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Au Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 : ‘Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ed5, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 Ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ecdng (Gie Gr 1:10)
\nTrong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 phong t\u01b0\u1edbc cho Otto \u1edf Brunswick l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf. Sau khi Otto sai l\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng d\u1ee9t th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Otto v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn Frederick II n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i. Khi Innocent III ch\u1ecdn Stphen Langton l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Canterbury (Anh) tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a vua John, vua n\u00e0y l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 cho h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m Anh v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai tr\u1eeb, b\u1edfi v\u1eady trong 6 n\u0103m chu\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd kh\u00f4ng vang, c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00edn h\u1eefu ra v\u00e0o.
\nCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng d\u1ee9t th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi vua John v\u00e0 xui ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Anh qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t an, vua John \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1213 v\u00e0 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn n\u1ea1p s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. M\u1ecdi giao h\u1ea3o m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 vua g\u00e2y ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t cho T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Stephen Langton, \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e9p vua ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd giao \u01b0\u00f3c Magna Charta t\u1ea1i Runnymede, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng l\u00ean \u00e1n giao \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.
\n\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Innocent III tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Lateran l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, n\u0103m 1215, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ra lu\u1eadt \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, sau \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. T\u1eeb 1309 \u0111\u1ebfn 1377 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Avignon tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u1ed1ng Rhone. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a 2 b\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 B\u00e0 Catherine ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh Siena v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Bridget ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y
\n\u0110i\u1ec3n ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i La M\u00e3. Tuy nhi\u00ean ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, t\u1eeb 1378 \u0111\u1ebfn 1417, c\u00f3 khi 2,3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh nhau ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng.
\nGi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Constance t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i sang l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi ‘tri\u1ec1u ‘ c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1, bi\u1ebfn la M\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c linh, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Alexandria VI gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n v\u1ecb, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u1ea7m \u0129 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh “Tin L\u00e0nh’<\/p>\n

C\u00c1C CU\u1ed8C TH\u00c1NH CHI\u1ebeN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantine x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i ‘M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh’ v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, th\u00e0nh Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i chi\u00eam b\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u00ec t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u00edch. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem kh\u1ecfi tay \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine v\u00e0o n\u0103m 638, nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (Seljuk Turk) chi\u1ebfm Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 th\u1edd “M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh”. Nh\u1eefng khi\u00eau
\nkh\u00edch \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u00f4t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn.
\nN\u0103m 1005, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Urban II (1042 – 1099) m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n , c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Gregory VII, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Byzantine, Alexis, khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u00e0nh Constantinople. N\u0103m \u1ea5y Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t qua m \u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Clermont mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i gi\u00fap Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Alexis \u0111ang l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i Th\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00ednh ng\u01b0ng ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c anh em t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd ‘h\u00e3y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh; h\u00e3y gi\u1ef1t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong tay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 \u1ea5y. C\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang h\u0103ng say \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd Ch\u00faa. Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh c hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u1ea5y.
\nL\u00f2ng h\u0103ng say ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 \u1edf Amiens l\u00e0 Peter v\u1ecb \u1ea9n tu c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng vua ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng lo l\u1eafng cho \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gia nh\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec th\u00edch phi\u00eau l\u01b0u m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, danh v\u1ecdng hay c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 linh h\u1ed3n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u. H\u1ecd mang m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ef1c khi \u0111i, v\u00e0 \u0111eo sau l\u01b0ng khi v\u1ec1. Ba \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn do h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Au Ch\u00e2u chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1096, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1099 m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00earusalem, sau khi t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf trong th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Godfrey \u1edf Bouillon t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh’ nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1100 em \u00f4ng n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0m vua l\u1ea5y danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 vua Baldwin I (1100 – 1118)
\n\u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m 4 v\u00f9ng, m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 10 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giam M\u1ee5c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o Tr\u01b0\u1edfng La Tinh \u1edf t\u1ea1i Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem. Nhi\u1ec1u tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf cho qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 binh s\u0129, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Templar v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Hospitaler, gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c.
\nCu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai do Bernard ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tu vi\u1ec7n Clairvaux, d\u00f2ng Cistercian (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Tin thua tr\u1eadn Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o, khi\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Frederick Barbarosa, vua Philip Augustus c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vua Richard the Lion Hearted c\u1ee7a Anh, h\u1ee3p nhau t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ba. Sau khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i trong m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n, hai vua con l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, n\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Venice y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p ng\u1ef1a xe chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf n\u00ean chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Constantinople. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn Hagia Sophia (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12) .
\nCu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn cho con tr\u1ebb tham gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1212 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111\u1ecdan l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m th\u00ea th\u1ea3m. C\u00f2n v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp theo, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 9 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1271 do Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e2n Edward c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vua Edward I.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u, t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a trong g\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1244. Th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Acre c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1291, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Rhine v\u00e0 qua d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alps \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn cho nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u1edf Genoa, Venice, Pisa v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n quy\u00ean ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n tham chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn quan l\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn chia x\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m quan s\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 hay l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd…. khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, c\u0169ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u00f2n m\u00ea ng\u1ee7.
\nKh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, Au Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u1edd phong tr\u00e0o h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 t\u00edch danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem, La M\u00e3, Compostella \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Canterbury \u1edf Anh. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 18) c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Chaucer kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 John Wycliffe. \u00d4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch t o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ch\u1eef Anh.<\/p>\n

KINH TH\u00c1NH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory the Great tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ong tin r\u1eb1ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh c\u1ea3m thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c linh h\u00e0m s\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u00edn d\u1ea5u trong nh\u1eefng trang s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i : ‘Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u Kinh Th\u00e1nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh’. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft ‘Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi \u1ea5y’. \u2018Trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i.\u2019
\nKhi th\u1eddi h\u1eafc \u00e1m d\u00e3 man t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3) suy s\u1ee5p v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd s\u00e2u nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecd trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nghe \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng La Tinh song ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng La Tinh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ai n\u00f3i n\u1eefa. Tr\u1ebb con kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, c\u0169g nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c Th\u1ea7y T\u1ebf L\u1ec5, Linh M\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f9 ch\u1eef. S\u00e1ch th\u00ec hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft. Mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eaft nh\u01b0 mua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e0. Trong th\u1eddi d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00e0 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng mong nh\u01b0 John Chrysostom tr\u00f4ng mong l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u Kinh th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5.
\nD\u1ea7u v\u1eady, trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eafc \u00e1m nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Kinh Th\u00e1nh. \u1ede nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n xa x\u00f4i, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0n tay ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ch\u00e9p Kinh Th\u00e1nh. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft ch\u0103m ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh trong gi\u1edd th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh n\u00eau ra. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1 cao s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111em \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nCharlemagne, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i danh \u1edf Anh l\u00e0 Alcuin \u1edf th\u00e0nh York \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Palace School \u1edf Aachen \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng con nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho Ho\u00e0ng Gia, h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Alcuin (735 – 804) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd York do m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Linh M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo Saxon t\u00ean l\u00e0 The Venerable Bede d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf T\u00e2y Au. Khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Charlemagne, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba bao nhi\u00eau ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u \u1ea9n d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Anh Qu\u1ed1c khi Au Ch\u00e2u b\u1ecb gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp man r\u1ee3 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng. Ch\u00ednh Charlemagne c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc \u1edf Palace School (tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng cung), \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i. T\u1ea1i Aachen \u00f4ng Alcuin d\u1ea1y 7 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 : v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, vi\u1ebft v\u0103n minh b\u1ea1ch, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, to\u00e1n s\u1ed1, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Ong c\u0169ng nhu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n Vulgate (Kinh th\u00e1nh La Tinh, xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11) s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, v\u1ea7 d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Khi Charlemagne l\u00ean ng\u00f4i t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 800, Alcuin c\u00f3 t\u1eb7ng cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh. Theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng Charlemagne ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 Alfred the Great (871 – 900) vua c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Saxon mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0ng cung cho thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Tuy ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chinh chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Dane nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh, h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng vua Alfred \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch 50 b\u00e0i Thi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ra ti\u1ebfng Anglo Saxon.
\nSau hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft Kinh th\u00e1nh t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft \u00edt ti\u1ebfng La Tinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd danh ti\u1ebfng. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Anselm, Peter Lombard, Abelard v\u00e0 Hugh of St. Victor. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng so\u1ea1n ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p. Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra ch\u1eef in c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tu s\u0129 \u0111i d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u mang theo trong bao nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd m\u1eabu in ra b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ch\u1eef th\u00ec ch\u00e9p tay. Lo\u1ea1i Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Kinh Th\u00e1nh lan tr\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.
\nCho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u Kinh Th\u00e1nh qua nghi l\u1ec5, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 gi\u1eef trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Thi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng lu\u00f4n trong l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thi ca c\u1ed5 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong l\u1ec5 Misa, s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac Am \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u00ean cho ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Christ. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3 \u0111i theo mang b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m n\u1ebfn, \u0111i l\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd \u0111em quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc, trong khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1o m\u0169, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 g\u1eady sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00fac Am. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n Ph\u00fac Am c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ch. Vua Ch\u00faa, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c t\u1eb7ng nhau hay t\u1eb7ng cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, tu vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 b\u00eca v\u00e0ng do nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n Trung C\u1ed5 trang tr\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00eca ng\u00e0 kh\u1eafc hay ch\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u.
\nTr\u01b0\u00f3c khi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, Kinh Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh Linh. T\u00e2m tr\u00ed h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1eddi Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u00fd Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n Kinh th\u00e1nh. V\u0103n La Tinh ng\u00f4 ngh\u00ea c\u1ee7a Jerome trong quy\u1ec3n Vulgate \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ra La Tinh Trung c\u1ed5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 nay l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y thi\u1ebfu nhi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o
\ntr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phong ph\u00fa. Kinh Th\u00e1nh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi.
\nNh\u1edd Kinh Th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 kh\u00e9o h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1, hay v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh m\u00e0u trong s\u00e1ch, d\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m th\u00eau, kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o kim kh\u00ed, g\u1ed7 hay ng\u00e0, nem, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m hay v\u1ebd tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng tay th\u1ee3 kh\u00e9o n\u00e0y tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 Ch\u00faa ban cho, nh\u01b0 B\u1ebft-xa-l\u00ea-\u00ean (bezalel) x\u01b0a kia (XuXh 35:31-33) m\u00e0 M\u00f4i se n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ‘\u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan, s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee3, \u0111\u1eb7ng b\u00e0y ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1eb7ng kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3m c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ng\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7ng ch\u1ea1m c\u00e2y l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o’. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, hay ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t trang gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p cao tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Splendor Veritatis, s\u1ef1 ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ebd th\u1eadt hay l\u00e0 ‘h\u00e0o quang ch\u00e2n l\u00fd’.
\nNh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Gothic. Ch\u00fang ta ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 sinh l\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c linh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 khi nh\u00ecn xem c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u t\u00edch n\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1ebb vang n\u00e0y. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c linh, m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i to\u00e0n v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u1ecd x\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i s\u1eebng s\u1eefng gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nam n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ng\u1ef1, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t.
\nNg\u00e0y l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Canterbury n\u0103m 1123, trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby vinh quang, ban th\u00e1nh nh\u1ea1c v\u1eeba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng ca ‘Kinh ho\u00e0ng thay n\u01a1i n\u00e0y ! qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng, n\u01a1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng cung c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa’. T\u1eadp s\u1eed k\u00fd v\u1ec1 tu vi\u1ec7n Annales Monastic c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, trong l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, vua Henry I \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Anh Qu\u1ed1c ‘\u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 v\u1edbi l\u1eddi th \u1ec1 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng vua r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ho\u00e0ng’.
\nN\u0103m 1144, tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Suger s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a ban nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tu vi\u1ec7n St. Denis g\u1ea7n Paris, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u x\u00e2y Gothic canh t\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda cu\u1ed1n, nh\u1ecdn ph\u00eda tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1ch xa t\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i v\u00f2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y ng\u1ea1nh, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft xu\u1ed1ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 nguy nga ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 huy ho\u00e0ng linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ng\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nMu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic, \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1nh k\u00ednh m\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, h\u00e3y nghe b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc trong l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn : ‘T\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem m\u1edbi t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng (Kh\u1ea3i-huy\u1ec1n 21:2-5) s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n s\u1eb5n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi trang s\u1ee9c cho ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i nghe m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: N\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u1edf gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ! Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u1edf v\u1edbi ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u00e0m d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i;
\nch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u1edf v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd lau r\u00e1o h\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 than kh\u00f3c, k\u00eau ca, hay l\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn n\u1eefa ; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ea5ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean ng\u00f4i ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: N\u00e0y ta l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt. \u0110o\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: ‘H\u00e3y ch\u00e9p, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u trung t\u00edn v\u00e0 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt’
\nKhi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ed7 ban th\u00e1nh nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ee9a chan \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Denis c\u00f3 12 c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng Suger tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0 Eph Ep 2:20-22 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y: ‘Anh em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri, ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c nh\u00e0. Trong Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau,
\n\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00e1nh trong Ch\u00faa’. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Christ v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1i v\u00f2m Gothic. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.
\nCh\u00ednh quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh x\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u00f3, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, 15 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Biblia Pauperiums. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y tranh \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o tay m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Anh v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u00f4ng John Wycliffe (1320 – 1384) gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n xu\u00f4i Anh. Do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u00ean \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c linh. Th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, hay h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m, hay truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u1ecdc, r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n La Tinh nghe \u0111\u1ecdc vang vang t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n Vulgate c\u1ee7a Jerome v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.
\nD\u1ea7u v\u1eady, \u00f4ng Wycliffe tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n hay gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec tin r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh s\u1ebd th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a H\u00f4i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.
\nCho n\u00ean \u00f4ng Wycliffe nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n Vulgate ra ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u0103m 1382. V\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u00e1y tin n\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e9p tay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng pho s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. \u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y, Wycliffe t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ‘th\u1ea7y tu ngh\u00e8o’ nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 Lollard du h\u00e0nh \u0111i ch\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o d\u00e0i, mang g\u1eady c\u1ee9 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111em ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00ec ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 du h\u00e0nh Lollard v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c cho \u0111\u00e9n l\u00fac th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh kh\u1edfi m\u00e0o.
\n\u0110\u1ebfn Wycliffe, th\u00ec th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 m\u00e0n. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i Anh Qu\u1ed1c bao nhi\u00eau. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean Bohemian \u1edf Oxford trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o Jerome \u1edf th\u00e0nh Prague v\u00ec c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Wycliffe, v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Prague. S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o John Huss ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 n\u00eau cao Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ‘lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’. K\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

(N\u0103m 1054 \u0111\u1ebfn 1980)<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u00d4NG T\u00c2Y XUNG \u0110\u1ed8T<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110ang khi m\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf T\u00e2y Au th\u00ec t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Chalcedon l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 4, h\u1ecdp n\u0103m 451 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u0103m v\u1ecb n\u1eafm ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n cho n\u0103m v\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o Tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf La M\u00e3, Constantinople,
\nAlexandria, Antir\u1ed1t v\u00e0 Gi\u00earusalem. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Chalcedon quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng Constantinople l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng.
\nS\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd l\u1edbn x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m 1054, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng b\u00ean n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n, l\u00e0 do m\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, ti\u1ebfng La Tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y th\u00ec mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p trong H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n man r\u1ee3 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1eabn b\u00ecnh an, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantine \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Leo III T\u1ea1i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ban l\u1ec7nh d\u00f3 c\u1ea3 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00ec Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng theo. \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhau n\u1eefa. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cu\u1ed9c r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t l\u1edbn n\u0103m 1054 \u0111\u00e3 chia H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ra l\u00e0m hai. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chia r\u1ebd hai b\u00ean t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 : \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebe QU\u1ed0C PH\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u00d4NG V\u00c0 H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, th\u00ec kinh \u0111\u00f4 Constantinople v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng kh\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t Au Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Hagia Sophia khi\u1ebfn cho du kh\u00e1ch Anh, Do Th\u00e1i, \u1ea2 r\u1eadp, Goth v\u00e0 Norsemen tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ed3 ca ng\u1ee3i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Nga \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Kiev v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 10 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Hagia Sophia, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau : ‘Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u1edf gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trang m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi l\u1ec5 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y’ Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinian (527 – 565) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u00eac c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ‘b\u1ed9 trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y Qu\u1ed1c Gia!” V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Ch\u00faa Christ tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng uy quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m ganh t\u1ef5, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb Ch\u00faa Christ lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00ec c\u1edb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG TH\u00c0NH QU\u1ea2 V\u00c0 TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u1ee6A MI\u1ec0N \u0110\u00d4NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nestorius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Linh M\u1ee5c \u1edf Syria, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng thanh \u0111\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 Constantinople n\u0103m 428. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin k\u00ednh g\u1ecdi Mary M\u1eb9 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu l\u00e0 ‘M\u1eb9 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi’. Nestorius khi gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc cam go v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng Cyril, Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Alexandria, n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ed5i h\u01a1n b\u00e8n l\u00ean \u00e1n Nestorius l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Christ. Tuy th\u1ebf, Nestorius ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i : ‘Khi n\u00f3i danh \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u00e0m \u00fd hai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t’. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, l\u00f2ng ganh t\u1ef5, hi\u1ebfu danh, \u00f3c b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 ‘kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t’ gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hai Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i k\u00e9o lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 hai Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00ca-ph\u00ea-s\u00f4 n\u0103m 431 l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c Nestorius m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho \u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n r\u00fat v\u1ec1 tu vi\u1ec7n c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i An-ti-\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y sang x\u1ee9 Arabia. Sau \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Gia, l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Nestorius khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n sang Ba T\u01b0, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Nestorian r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.
\nS\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 sai c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi t\u1eadn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Malabar t\u1ea1i An \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd kh\u1edfi l\u1eadp, ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Mar Thoma l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c theo thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nestorius v\u00e0o trung b\u1ed9 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 nh\u1edd h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Shensi (Giang T\u00e2y). T\u1ea1i Sian (T\u00e2y An) trung t\u00e2m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t bia \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean n\u0103m 781 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Syriac n\u1ed9i dung n\u00f3i T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 27 s\u00e1ch. Sau khi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Trung Hoa \u1ea5y b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nestoran c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Trung Hoa l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Tartar v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 tin nh\u1eadn Ch\u00faa. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa g\u1ed1c th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Kublai Khan (H\u1ed1t-t\u1ea5t-li\u1ec7t) v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Marco Polo, m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb Venice (Y \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tai B\u1eafc Kinh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Nestorian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Kublai Khan che ch\u1edf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1275.
\nNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y tin nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1edbn. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 6 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u00ean l\u00e0 Monophysitism, do m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t’, ‘m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh’. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Christ ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eeba nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, v\u1eeba th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n chia nh\u01b0ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh.
\nH\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 theo ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft ‘nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh’ n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp theo c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u1eadt tin, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Coptic \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, nay h\u00e3y c\u00f2n v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u00ca-thi-\u00f4-bi (Ethiopia) l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Coptic Ai C\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, c\u00f3 Frumentius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 Athanasius \u1edf Alexandria phong cho l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Axum l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t h\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh
\nEthiopia. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Palestine, Syria v\u00e0 Armenia \u0111\u1ec1u theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng Ai C\u1eadp l\u1eadp c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Syria n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Jacobite c\u1ee7a Syria nay c\u00f2n sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Tigris v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n.
\nNh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 c\u00e3i nhau v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i x\u00e2m l\u0103ng : Syria, Palestine, Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Phi, \u0111\u1ea3o Sicily \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm trong danh Allah! M\u1ed9t ‘n\u01b0\u1edbc’ H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi lan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 732 \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Charlemagne l\u00e0 Charles Martel th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Tours, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Mohammed ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p.
\nGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i ph\u00eda Nam v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Slavic trong v\u00f9ng Balkans v\u00e0 Nga. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Moravia, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng sai hai \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee9, Cyril v\u00e0 Methodius \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Slavic v\u00e0o n\u0103m 864. \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eb1ng Cyril \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Slavic g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cyrillic, l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef Nga. C\u00f2n Methodius th\u00ec d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ti\u1ebfng Slavic khi \u0111\u00e3 cao ni\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ed0NG \u0110\u00d4NG PH\u01af\u01a0NG NG\u00c0Y NAY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1553, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 n\u00edu l\u1ea5y l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ede Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y khi th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n b\u00ed v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, l\u1ec5 nghi Byzantine \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Constantinople, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i chung cho c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ecbch l\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p ra m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a 7 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecdp trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 325 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 787 (462 n\u0103m) M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0n C\u1ea7u (World Council of Church). H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn d\u01b0\u00f3i s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4ng coi c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 Constantinople, Alexandria, An-ti-\u1ed1t,
\nGi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u00f4i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u0110\u1ea3o Ch\u00edp r\u01a1 (Cyprus), n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, Rumania, Nam T\u01b0, Hy L\u1ea1p, Bulgaria, Georgia, Albania, Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7p. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 Constantinople l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u.
\nB\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qua c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng qua nghi l\u1ec5, s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi Kinh Th\u00e1nh, g\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu s\u0129, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng k\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh m\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng, khi ng\u1eafm xem t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 d\u0129 v\u00e3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00f4 t\u1eadn v\u1eabn h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng nhau, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch \u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

(N\u0103m 1500 \u0110\u1ebfn 1600)<\/strong>
\nNH\u1eeeNG L\u00c0N GI\u00d3 CANH T\u00c2N<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp Ch\u00e2u Au v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o l\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh do s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111em nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n minh. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y thanh b\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh an. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0ng c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1edd C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o khai h\u00f3a d\u00e2n man r\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Sau h\u1ebft, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Au Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c La M\u00e3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i song \u00f4ng v\u1eabn duy\u1ec7t y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean uy quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, c\u00e1c vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c. D\u00f9ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ea1t, gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thu t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘\u0111\u1ed3ng xu Phi-e-r\u01a1’. B\u1edfi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ee9t ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu Christ v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, n\u1eef hay thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng gia ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o.
\nGi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, c\u00e1c c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 canh t\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ed5i. T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf chung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n giao th\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh Ch\u00faa, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c s\u00fat k\u00e9m v\u00ec g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng kinh t\u1ebf do c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y n\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y hoang t\u00e0n, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay d\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa v\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y d\u1ea7n t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u1ea5y. Gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 lan r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb trung c\u1ed5 m\u1edf mang th\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf mong manh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf d\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u00e1y \u0111o sao, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n n\u00ean \u0111i xa v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n.
\nH\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 to l\u1edbn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thao luy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed \u00f3c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n ‘ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi’ l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129. N\u1ec1n ‘ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi’ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Ottoman chi\u1ebfm Constantinople v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1453, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Hy L\u1ea1p, mang theo nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd
\nc\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y. V\u00ec say m\u00ea \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c theo ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Aristotle. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Au Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Hy L\u1ea1p La M\u00e3, gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ‘ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi’. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Nicolas V, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n quen thu\u1ed9c, gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vatican v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh Th\u00e1nh theo m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Au Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch.
\n\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nam n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn an sinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 v\u00e0 15 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u. Cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 20 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng Wycliffe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018sao mai c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb, thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111em v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i.
\nNgh\u1ec1 in \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh. N\u0103m 1455, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u in ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfng La Tinh do x\u01b0\u1edfng in c\u1ee7a Gutenberg t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mainz tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u1ed1ng Rhine ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau t\u1ea1i Anh, William Caton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t v\u00e0 in quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ngay n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t ch\u1ea9n t\u1eeb thi\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n Westminster, nh\u1edd m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Margaret Beaufort, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i vua Edward III v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a vua Henry VII.
\nL\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sinh h\u1ecdat c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng len l\u1ecfi trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tra v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ea t\u00edn b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb bao l\u00e2u nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m linh h\u1ecd nay h\u1ecd cho ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chung quanh. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh. Ti\u1ebfc thay, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u00ean khi th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0m tan v\u1ee1 n\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

DESIDERIUS ERASMUS (1466 – 1536)<\/strong>
\nErasmus, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc H\u00f2a Lan, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh. Tuy sinh \u1edf Rotterdam, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, Anh, \u00dd , \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ‘coi t h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi’. Khi m\u1edbi l\u00ean 9 tu\u1ed5i, h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Deventer, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb r\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ham h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Adrian \u1edf Utrecht, sau n\u00e0y d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Charles V v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Adrian VI. \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 \u0111oan \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y hai n\u0103m th\u00ec \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u00dd, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi John Paul II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m 1978.
\nKhi Erasmus \u0111\u1ed9 18 tu\u1ed5i, cha m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, v\u00ec ngh\u00e8o \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o tu vi\u1ec7n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t ch\u0103m ch\u00fa tra c\u1ee9u trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong tu vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u00e1n v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 Lord Mountjoy, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y m\u1eddi \u00f4ng sang Anh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u1edf Oxfoxd. H\u1ecd l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean s\u1ebd soi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169. Xem b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, ta bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t vui th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf Anh ‘kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed d\u1ecbu, tho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Khi Colet gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang nghe Plato. Linacre (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m B\u00e1c s\u0129 cho Henri VIII) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0
\nt\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 g\u1eb7p ai nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Grocyn c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn t h\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Thomas More c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng vui v\u1ebb. S\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng.
\nG\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng th\u00eam th\u00edch v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i danh. John Colet, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u00dd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng sinh vi\u00ean Oxford v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phao-l\u00f4. V\u00ec Colet tin r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Kinh Th\u00e1nh, n\u00ean \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean Erasmus h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng tra c\u1ee9u T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Sau n\u00e0y Erasmus vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Colet nh\u01b0 sau: ‘\u00d4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111em tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng gai g\u00f3c r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cao qu\u00fd” N\u0103m 1501, Erasmus tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh, Thomas More l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 22 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Eltham g\u1ea7n Greenwich, n\u01a1i con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Tuy vua Henry VII, Ho\u00e0ng H\u1eadu v\u00e0 con c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Arthur kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, Erasmus c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed Henry v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed : m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Margaret, sau l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng H\u1eadu Scotland (T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Mary v\u1eeba m\u1edbi l\u00ean ba, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Lady Jane Grey. Erasmus r\u1ea5t th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed Henry, m\u1edbi l\u00ean 9, song c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nghe \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i danh c\u1ee7a Erasmus v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n nghe Erasmus n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n. Sau n\u00e0y, 6 n\u0103m sau, Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Erasmus nh\u01b0 sau :’Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i vui nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng khen ng\u1ee3i th\u1ec3 v\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9’. V\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed \u00f3c th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng, vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u01b0 t\u00edn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u00ean danh ti\u1ebfng lan r\u1ed9ng \u1edf Ch\u00e2u Au. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u01b0a \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, n\u00ean \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n v\u0103n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng quen bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o , k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vua Charles V, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo X, Vua Henry VIII, c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u00f4ng.
\nNh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 : Jerome, Cyprian, Irenaeus, Ambrose, Augustine, Chrysostom, Basil v\u00e0 Origen. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi phi l\u1ed9 do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u do x\u01b0\u1edfng in danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a John Froben t\u1ea1i Basel ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh.
\nNh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Hy L\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng La Tinh, k\u00e8m nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng cho Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng X l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.
\nErasmus ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 3 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1511 \u0111\u1ebfn 1514 d\u1ecbch quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, khi \u00f4ng gi\u1eef gh\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o S\u01b0 Lady Margaret Beaufort chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge do b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 John Fisher \u0111\u00e3 thu x\u1ebfp gi\u1eef ch\u1ed7 cho \u00f4ng.
\nQuy\u1ec3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Erasmus \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c, ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 100.000 cu\u1ed1n. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp theo, \u00f4ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. \u01a0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0m t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch.
\nCho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n nghe \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng La Tinh v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u cho n\u00ean s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ra qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. Khi quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Erasmus d\u1ecbch xong th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Christ, c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fac th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c linh.
\nN\u0103m 1521 Erasmus vi\u1ebft : ‘C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n d\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean c\u00e3i nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 n\u00ean h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc’. Bi\u1ebft Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tu ch\u00e1nh Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng Erasmus lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng v\u0103n t\u1eadp nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi l\u1eddi v\u0103n s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, vui v\u1ebb v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o, l\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La Tinh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafp Au Ch\u00e2u. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed1i Th\u1ecdai (Colloquies) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u00f4ng nh\u1ea1o c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00ed d\u1ecfm nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m. S\u00e1ch T\u1ee5c Ng\u1eef C\u00e1ch Ng\u00f4n (Adages) b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 \u0110i\u00ean R\u1ed3 (the Praise of Folly) trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i khi th\u0103m hai b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Anh:
\n\u00d4ng Thomas More, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m v i\u1ec7c trong cung vua, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng John Fisher, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Rochester. Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nghi\u00eam trang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd bu\u1ed3n, v\u00ec ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u1ea3m tr\u1ea1ng trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt ch\u00ea bai l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00f3.
\n\u00d4ng mong r\u1eb1ng khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 \u0111oan m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u00f3c l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o Luther \u0111ang s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o: ‘\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t’. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Au Ch\u00e2u th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111em c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

MARTIN LUTHER (1483 – 1546)<\/strong>
\nMartin Luther m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Augustinian, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Wittenberg, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh. Cha \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf qu\u00ea m\u00f9a, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1eeb khi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 cao v\u1ecdng nu\u00f4i con \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0. Luther v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i n\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129. C\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1ed5 tu v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ‘c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c’, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 ‘c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c’ m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi? Th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, l\u1eddi Phao-l\u00f4 \u1edf R\u00f4-ma 1:17; vang trong tr\u00ed \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t. ‘Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin’ hay l\u00e0 ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng’. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y ‘qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u1eeda thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u00f4ng’, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean l\u00f2ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed1i \u1ea5y. T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng Luther vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ‘ ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i nh\u1edd b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c’. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ban cho \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi.
\n\u00d4ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba sai c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo X \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ‘ph\u00e9p x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i’ (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tha cho t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n n\u0103n hay \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i l\u1ed7i m\u00ecnh, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i c\u0169 \u1ea5y trong ‘n\u01a1i luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed9i’ (Purgatory). Ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Peter \u1edf La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ong Luther coi vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng x\u1ea5u xa tr\u00e1i h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 10 \u0103m 1517 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft 95 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n (th\u00ca-sai) l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n ‘ph\u00e9p x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i’ \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 95 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n danh ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u00e0o c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn \u1edf Wittenberg. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0 95 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00f9yen tay nhau v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng ch\u0103m ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ecdc. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i , l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Luther \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf toang c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh.
\n\u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c h\u00e3y t\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngo\u1ea1i lai c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. B\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng trong \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u00e1nh, h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Worms n\u0103m 1521, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u1eef La Tinh, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0a ra, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, tr\u1eeb phi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong Kinh th\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i l\u1edbn :’T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u00f4i. Amen’. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e8n ban l\u1ec7nh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Luther \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ai cho \u00f4ng ta \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng hay n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0129 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Li\u1ec1n sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng ki\u1ebfm ra m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n cho \u00f4ng \u1ea9n n\u00e1u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Wartburg c\u1ee7a Frederick the Wise, ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Saxony.
\nT\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc ra ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1522. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vulgate, v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n La Tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra s\u00e1ch, nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a Erasmus. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 10 n\u0103m, v\u1eeba t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eeba ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch xong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng Luther r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng; v\u0103n \u00f4ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00ec \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i trau chu\u1ed1t.
\nL\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh do Luther d\u1ecbch.
\nKhi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin k\u00ednh t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Luther : ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n, d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, d\u00e2n qu\u00ea, tu s\u0129. H\u1ecd c\u00f4ng k\u00edch c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c linh, ph\u00e9p tha t\u1ed9i, d\u1ee9t th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng, mi\u1ec5n ph\u1ea1t, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ea1ch t\u1ed9i, lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n.
\nErasmus \u1edf xa xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u1ecf \u00fd b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi Luther v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111em ra \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng Erasmus vi\u1ebft :’T\u00f4i t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec7n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Luther, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng \u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng soi ra ra t\u1ed1i t\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf t h\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng, t\u00f4i tin \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3’. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft : T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng’ cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 gay g\u1eaft, l\u00f2ng \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng th\u00eam lo \u00e2u. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi : Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Luther n\u1eb7ng l\u1eddi v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed1i b\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec? Hay Luther mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ea3 t h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?
\nT\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Speyer n\u0103m 1529, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u0103n tr\u1edf phong tr\u00e0o Luther, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch do Luther \u0111\u1ec1 ra v\u00e0 h\u1ecd k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Luther t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘protestant’ (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng),danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9
\nv\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3.
\nN\u0103m 1530, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Luther \u1edf Wittenberg nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc khi\u00ean nh\u01b0\u1eddng Philip Melanchthon, so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n r\u00f5, g\u1ecdn, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Luther, b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘B\u1ea3n x\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9c tin Augsburg’. Sau khi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n ph\u00e1i Luther \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Lutheran. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, c\u00f3 Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ng\u1eef, gi\u1edd th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ca ng\u1ee3i, b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u00ean H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Lutheran ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mau, lan sang Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Na Uy v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean. Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i chia hai nh\u00f3m: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La Ma v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo Lutheran, t\u00f9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y theo b\u00ean n\u00e0o.
\nNh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, Luther s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn Tin L\u00e0nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1525 \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 tu s\u0129, Katherine Von Bora, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, \u0111em cho \u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh, 3 con trai v\u00e0 2 con g\u00e1i.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 30 th\u00e1nh ca, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ein Fests Burg. ‘Th\u00e0nh v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta’. (Ch\u00faa v\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t h\u00e0nh ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 ta r\u00e0y…) b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc h\u00e1t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Tin L\u00e0nh kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Luther \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng theo m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7u ca Gregorian c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3 b\u00e0i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0i l\u1ec5 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Wittenberg, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

JOHN CALVIN (1509 – 1564)<\/strong>
\nSong song v\u1edbi Matin Luther, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p John Calvin, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o Tin L\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau, Luther c\u00f3 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o hay x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i Calvin s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n , bi\u1ebft di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1c. \u00d4ng sinh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh trung l\u01b0u kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Noyon \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Paris. Cha \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o n\u00ean xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris. \u01a0 \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft v\u0103n r\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con t\u00ean l\u00e0 Olivetan khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecdc T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p. Ch\u00ednh Olivetan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Luther \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 Calvin g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Khi \u00f4ng h\u01a1n 20 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c linh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘\u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ch\u00faa’ n\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tin quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng qua Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nay \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng theo \u00fd Ch\u00faa. Khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ngb\u00e8n kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u1ea5y. D\u1ee9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh th\u00ec \u1edf Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f3 y\u00ean th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111i sang Basel, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, n\u01a1i Froben \u0111\u00e3 in b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc song ng\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p La Tinh c\u1ee7a Erasmus.
\nN\u0103m 1536, t\u1ea1i Basel, Calvin xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n Nguy\u00ean T\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i C\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o (The Institutes of the Christian Religion) t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin Tin L\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u00ean. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Luther v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, \u00f4ng Ulrich Zwingli, l\u1eddi v\u0103n hay \u0111\u1eb9p, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. Calvin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 : Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u duy b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd cho l\u00e0 k\u1ebb tin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u00f3c. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00edn h\u1eefu. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng, l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh t\u1eb7ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Nguy\u00ean T\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i C\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o cho vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p (Francis I) v\u00e0 khi vua 26 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tin L\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p. Theo l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p
\nGuillaume Farel, Calvin \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 n\u0103m 1536 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Tin L\u00e0nh m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Geneva. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111i xa, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Genveva cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Genveva d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m Tin L\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Au, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ‘Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Tin L\u00e0nh’, \u00f4ng g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, m\u1ecdi v \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u do H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn.
\nH\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 hay tr\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Presbyter) qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u Presbyterian. Calvin \u0111\u1ec1 cao nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa, ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng coi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t.
\nM\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, ngo\u00e0i ra \u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u00d4ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0 t\u00edn r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Genveva, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb Anh, T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn theo h\u1ecdc do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Calvin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i xa g\u1ea7n.
\nC\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Anh, mu\u1ed1n xa l\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Mary, \u0111\u1ebfn Genveva th\u00ec t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh 1539 v\u00ec t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Calvin l\u00e0 William Wentingham \u0111\u00e3 lo vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 in t\u1eadp T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc Geneva n\u0103m 1557. Ba n\u0103m sau c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 in xong, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 6 quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Kh\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng. Quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, Shakespeare \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Puritan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mang sang M\u1ef9 Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Plymouth (Massachusetts) n\u0103m 1620.
\nNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Calvin hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Au Ch\u00e2u, l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u1eed th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao gi\u1eefa t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1560 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Mary, N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan John Knox c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh, t\u00edn h\u1eefu l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Presbyterian. \u1ede Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft Calvin g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hugu\u00e9not, \u1edf H\u00f2a Lan, thuy\u1ebft Calvin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ra t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, William, Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Orange \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng H\u00f2a
\nH\u00f2a Lan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Calvin \u1edf Anh l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y khi mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thanh Gi\u00e1o (Puritan). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Gi\u00e1o d\u1eddi sang Massachussetts v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Calvin \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Au Ch\u00e2u m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, do \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH ANH QU\u1ed0C V\u00c0 VUA HENRY VIII (1509 – 1547)<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16, \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Anh b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng mau t\u1eeb th\u1eddi John Wycliffe cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n n\u00e0y. D\u00e2n Anh l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t Au Ch\u00e2u, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1215, c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p vua John ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd b\u1ea3n Magna Charta c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.
\nV\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Vua v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng : “H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m”. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef La Tinh kh\u00f4ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00ec lai gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n th\u1eadt l\u1edbn g\u1eedi \u0111i La M\u00e3 (Rome)\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, cho n\u00ean gi\u1edbi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 trung l\u01b0u r\u1ea5t \u1ea5m \u1ee9c. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh thu, ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u tu vi \u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng theo \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u00e0i h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 nh\u01b0 Erasmus, Colet, Thomas More v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i Anh b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n Anh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n tin k\u00ednh, chu\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u00edt khi y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng, n\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 ‘h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o chu\u00f4ng r\u1ec1n’. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cair c\u00e1ch. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Bath Abbey nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1499 do nh\u1eefng tay th\u1ee3 gi\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Vua Henry VII. M\u00e1i v\u00f2m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Kings College Chapel t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t xong n\u0103m 1513 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda k\u00ednh m\u00e0u m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfnn\u0103m 1531 m\u1edbi xong.
\nVua Henry VIII l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh, ch\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, th\u00f4ng minh, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5. N\u0103m 1521, khi bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn ‘t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o’ Lutheran m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, Henry VIII l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch b\u00e0i b\u00e1c \u0110\u1ec1 Cao B\u1ea3y B\u00ed T\u00edch. \u00d4ng g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n cho Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo X. v\u00ec ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a vua l\u00e0 Sir. Thomas More khuy\u00ean vua \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 cao uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong th\u01b0. Nh\u01b0ng vua Henry VIII b\u1ecf qua l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: ‘Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c La M\u00e3 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sao’.
\nL\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Henry VIII v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a vua l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00f2ng Gi\u00e1o hoang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong cho danh hi\u1ec7u Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3o V\u1ec7 Ni\u1ec1m Tin (Fidei Defensor) l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u vua mang cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng vua k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc n\u1ed5i hai ch\u1eef ‘FD’ hay ‘Fid Def’.
\nTuy nhi\u00ean Henry li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t giao h\u1ea3o v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. Nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y Catherine \u1edf x\u1ee9 Aragon l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng anh Arthur, v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u1eddi. Lu\u1eadt H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea5m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 g\u00f3a c\u1ee7a anh v\u00e0 vua Henry \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i xin Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p. Catherine ch\u1ec9 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng
\nch\u00faa Mary, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng sinh th\u00eam m\u1ed9t trai cho Henry \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn tranh ng\u00f4i nh\u01b0 tr\u1eadn War of the Rosse, vua Henry bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con trai h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. B\u00e0 Margaret Beaufort (xem cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 26) \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i vua m\u1edbi cho con trai b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Henry VII, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Elizabeth \u1edf th\u00e0nh York l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Henry VII c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng Henry VII l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, Henry VIII theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Catherine, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 Henry VIII xin c\u01b0\u1edbi Anne Boleyn. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng, Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb 7 n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1eeb l\u00fac Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Charles V c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1527, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f9 binh giam l\u1ecfng, v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Charles quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n Catherine (l\u00e0 d\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf) b\u1ecb vua Henry VIII ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf.
\nTh\u1ea5y Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, coi nh\u1eb9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Henry VIII t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Vua Henry VIII tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf Wolsey l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim kh\u00e2m sai Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Anh, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb l\u00e0 Wolsey \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng cho h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Catherine – v\u00e0 Sir Thomas More \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi l\u00ean thay th\u1ebf Wolsey. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1529 c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eabn h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu s\u0129 Anh Qu\u1ed1c ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1534, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu s\u0129 Anh Qu\u1ed1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ‘theo Kinh Th\u00e1nh, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i Anh’. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5m g\u1eedi m\u1ecdi ng\u00e2n kho\u1ea3n cho Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u1edf Canterbury t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n l\u1ec5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Anh Qu\u1ed1c, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Ph\u1ed5 Th\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Anh th\u00ec nay chia ra cho H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua. T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u1edf Canterbury \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00f2n vua Anh th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t h\u00e2n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0: \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c an sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh.
\nVua Henry c\u1eed Thomas Cranmer, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Cambridge, v\u1eabn ch\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng x\u01b0a nay, l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u1edf Canterbury. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban v\u00e0 phong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1533, Cranmer tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Henry VIII v\u1edbi Catherine l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0 vua c\u01b0\u1edbi Anne Boleyn, sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Elizanbeth.
\nNg\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 11, 1534, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i duy\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 vua Henry v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ‘l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i cao duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh Qu\u1ed1c, trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ cho ph\u00e9p’. Nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n vua l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c. Hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 danh ti\u1ebfng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c John Fisher \u1edf Rochester – Erasmus g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh – v\u00e0 Sir Thomas More ng\u01b0\u1eddi ‘b\u1ea1n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh’ r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Erasmus qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf trong ng\u1ee5c Tower v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n vua. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, phong Fisher l\u00e0m kh\u00e2m sai Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 Fisher v\u00e0 More \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u.
\nCon g\u00e1i vua Henry VIII l\u00e0 Mary kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cranmer k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o che ch\u1edf xin tha, n\u00ean tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft ch\u00e9m.
\nGi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi, Paul III, d\u1ee9t ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng vua Henry VIII v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Anh n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng vua. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c vua Au Ch\u00e2u khai chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Henry. T\u1ea1i Anh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m Pilgrimage of Grace mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung, kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef l\u1ec5 Misa, c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n trong sinh ho\u1ea1t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. Vua Henry v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Thomas Cromwell, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed5 t\u1ec7 \u0111oan trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111ang c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. B\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00ec Cromwell \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd x\u00e2y trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ecb l\u1ed9t m\u00e1i, n\u00ean suy s\u1ee5p d\u1ea7n. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4n qu\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed7, g\u1ea1ch \u0111em v\u1ec1 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n Tewkesbury c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch. Khi tu vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ‘th\u1eeba’, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong v\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, vi\u1ec7n l\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn nh\u00f3m th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc ph\u00e9p mua l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 khu nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 450 b\u1ea3ng Anh, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c chu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Cromwell \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ea5u cho ch\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n.
\nVua Henry l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t tu vi\u1ec7n ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb cho giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng vua c\u0169ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 vua gi\u1eef nay th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n.
\nTh\u00eam v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng tay sai c\u1ee7a Cromwell v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Edward VI n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n d\u1eb9p h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 tranh th\u1edd, v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ea1m xung quanh, h\u1ecd n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1eeda k\u00ednh m\u00e0u ch\u1eafp h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean s\u1ee9. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m ti\u00eau t\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ‘x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i’ c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i \u1ea5y. B\u00e0n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Westminster Abbey r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u, do Edward the Confessor (ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9c tin) l\u00e0m, b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd gi\u00e1t v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Thomas v\u00e0 Becket T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u1edf Canterbury c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp tan t\u00e0nh. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, l\u00e9n th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung v\u1edbi l\u00e2n bang c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn b\u00ed t\u00edch \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch l\u1ed1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 Luther v\u00e0 Calvin kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o t\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba.
\nD\u1ea7u v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng duy Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eeda thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, h\u1ecd h\u1ecfi nhau :’Ai b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tha t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u linh h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta’. N\u0103m 1536 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Cranmer \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t r\u1ed3i. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i ‘Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i’. B\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp ra, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 sai qu\u00e1. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch tin Ch\u00faa Christ. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Tin L\u00e0nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Anh.
\nTrung t\u00e2m cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong r\u00e0o d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Tuy th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Anh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1525 khi quy\u1ec3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a William Tyndale xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd d\u00e2n Anh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ay l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Tyndale \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 Grocyn, Latimer v\u00e0 Linacre ; t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7y Erasmus l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u0103n Anh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cho l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Anh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 Kinh Th\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tin L\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y trong l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc Tyndale, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 h\u1ec5 t\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n in t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Anh qua c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng. M\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Tyndale, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ng\u0103n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Tyndale t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ea7n Brussels (b\u1ec9) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1535, Miles Coverdale xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng Anh ng\u1eef. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch hay nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tyndale \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng s\u00e1ch cho vua Henry VIII, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecda \u1edf trang \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 1537 John Rogers l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p trong vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Coverdale r\u1ed3i in t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Thomas Matthew, quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 sau. C\u1ea3 Cranmer v\u00e0 Cromwell \u0111\u1ec1u hoan ngh\u00eanh quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Cromwell xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a vua ‘cho ph\u00e9p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc trong n\u01b0\u00f3c’.
\nV\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t Cromwell bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, quy\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Matthew th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i, quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Coverdale th\u00ec ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Cromwell xin vua cho s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh n\u0103m 1593 v\u00e0 in ra r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tyndale nh\u01b0 Coverdale \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa b\u00ean l\u1ec1 n\u1eefa.
\nV\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa qua Anh Ng\u1eef. Khi truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i vua cho con, vua Henry c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 hai nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00eam m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u vua Henry \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. V\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n du nh\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Luther v\u00e0 Calvin nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Edward VI, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Mary ph\u00e1i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

HAI TRI\u1ec0U \u0110\u1ea0I EDWARD VI V\u00c0 MARY ( 1547-1558)<\/strong>
\nEdward VI l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Jane Seymour, b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Henry VIII, l\u00ean ng\u00f4i khi v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 nghi\u00eam trang. Khi nh\u1eadn phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00ecnh cho vua ba thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ba v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecfi thanh g\u01b0\u1eddm th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 c\u1eadu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018g\u01b0\u01a1m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Linh … \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00ed h\u01a1n c\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1m kia\u2019. Trong 6 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Tin L\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, vua Edward c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u nhanh m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Khi Edward c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 V\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Somerset l\u00e0 c\u1eadu c\u1ee7a vua, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, giao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Somerset c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi Tin l\u00e0nh, tin \u1edf t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o va ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c. C\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i cho m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Paul, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Westminster Abbey, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 can ng\u0103n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi. \u00d4ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Anh, n\u00ean t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1eefa.
\nTh\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 Thomas Cranmer, v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1edf Canterbury cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Trung c\u1ed5. N\u0103m 1549 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4t v\u00e0i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ec3n S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean C\u1ee7a Edward VI v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La Tinh c\u1ed5 ra ti\u1ebfng Anh, l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00ea t\u00edn, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh trong l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng.
\nT\u1eeb Coverdale d\u1ecbch Thi Thi\u00ean ra th\u00e0nh th\u01a1, \u0111\u1ebfn Cranmer l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch hay d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, nay Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Anh Ng\u1eef. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp, d\u1ea7u c\u00f2n x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean , ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00edt v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 cho l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Anh Gi\u00e1o. T\u1eeb b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd trong gi\u1edd l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, Cranmer c\u0169ng so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n x\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tin nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 42 \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vua qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m1553. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p vua l\u00e0 Mary,ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Mary tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u0103m n\u0103m , kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Mary c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u00e0u kh\u00e2m sai Reginald Pole, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00e1ch t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng, trong thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Thames, mui thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 b\u00f3ng l\u1ed9n. Sau khi ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng ban ph\u00e9p tha t\u1ed9i cho to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2n h\u1eadn g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u0169, theo t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd. Tuy v\u1eady, Kh\u00e2m Sai Pole l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh sinh ho\u1ea1t \u1edf Anh, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Mary \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y. Mary l\u1ea5y Philip II \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 danh \u1edf Au Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u, Mary l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u00ea bai v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111u\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 \u1edf Anh, Mary c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed5i sang ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. G\u1ea7n 300 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t, v\u00ec b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda m\u1edbi r\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m.
\nJohn Rogers, M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St Paul b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tyndale v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Tyndale \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb thi\u00eau t\u1ea1i Smithfield ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n h\u00f2 reo ca t\u1ee5ng \u00f4ng khi \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 10, 1955, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1eddng Baliel College \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, Hugh Latimer v\u00e0 Nicholas Ridley, hai nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 danh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thi\u00eau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft Latimer an \u1ee7i Ridley: \u2018H\u1ee1i b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m, h\u00f4m nay b\u1edfi \u01a1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn m\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Anh\u2019. Latimer, M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho vua Henry VIII, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m th\u00eda n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch . Ridley, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng.
\nN\u0103m sau, Thomas Cranmer \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Khi b\u1ecb x\u1eed \u00e1n, \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00ec theo Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Hooper \u1edf Gloucester , nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 \u2018qu\u00e1 s\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u00ecnh\u2019. D\u00f9 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Oxford. Tr\u00ean h\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e0i \u00f4ng c\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa tha t\u1ed9i cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 anh d\u0169ng d\u01a1 tay ra l\u1eeda, b\u00e0n tay \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd t\u1edd ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u2018B\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1n n\u00e0y!\u2019
\nMary, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch hung b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft phong tr\u00e0o, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Anh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u01b0a th\u00edch, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn m\u00e0 Latimer \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

C\u00d4NG CU\u1ed8C H\u00d2A GI\u1ea2I C\u1ee6A N\u1eee HO\u00c0NG ELIZABETH<\/strong>
\nElizabeth I, khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giao \u0111\u1ed9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m 1558, l\u00fac b\u00e0 25 tu\u1ed5i, b\u00e0 l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i Mary, ch\u1ecb c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u00e2n hoan \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c tranh h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng xa v\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, \u0111eo \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ecdc v\u00e0ng ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u, m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Tuy v\u1eady, trong 45 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, b\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0n g\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi v\u1eeba qua.
\nL\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a vua Henry VIII v\u00e0 Anne Boleyn, b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La m\u00e3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin l\u00e0nh c\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, l\u00e0 b\u00e1 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ( Act of Supremacy) c\u1eed b\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u2018Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh\u2019 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018V\u1ecb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean h\u1ebft\u2019( Supreme head ), ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La m\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.
\nB\u00e0 h\u1ecfi y ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an ninh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 giao cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n . Trong tinh th\u1ea7n h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i hai quy\u1ec3n I v\u00e0 II S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Granmer th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1549 v\u00e0 1552, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m chung th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1559 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n Chung . Quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i Anh ng\u1eef ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u. N\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, l\u1ec5 nghi C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m hi\u1ec3u Tin L\u00e0nh trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh. S\u00e1ch c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. S\u00e1ch n\u00f3i l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, Linh M\u1ee5c, Ch\u1ea5p S\u1ef1, x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch l\u1ec5 (nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdn n\u0103m) quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong s\u00e1ch, M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh d\u00e0i. L\u1eddi v\u0103n trong s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c tin ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay, uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 uy nghi n\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n th\u1ea5m d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00e0o Shakespeare v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi h\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 nh\u01b0 John Donne v\u00e0 George Herbert, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1559. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Anh Gi\u00e1o qua nhi\u00e8u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.
\nM\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u quy\u1ec3n S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n t\u00f3m t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1563, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n X\u01b0ng Nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Tin c\u00f3 ’39 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n’ c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho b\u1ea3n 42 \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Cranmer l\u00e0m 10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ea3n 39 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n (Articles) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tranh c\u00e3i ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 v\u0103n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. V\u00ec l\u1ebd ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi B\u00e0 Mary, n\u00ean h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi B\u00e0 Elizabeth, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn phong ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi b\u00e0 Mary th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y (ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ) sau khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu r\u00fat l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 h\u1ee9a trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf gi\u00e1o h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c. Khi T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Pole t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf, B\u00e0 Elizabeth ch\u1ecdn Matthew Parker l\u00e0m T\u00e2n T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Canterbury, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i \u00f4ng l\u00e0m M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 cho th\u1ea7n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n s\u00e1ng, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m Gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Corpus Christi, thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n nh\u1edb \u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 t\u1eb7ng cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Hoang H Ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u1ea3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh ch\u00e9p tay v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch th\u00e2u g\u00f3p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n c\u00e1c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.
\nNg\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 12, 1559 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y phong ch\u1ee9c cho T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Matthew Parker. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n t h\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Anh qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Lambeth, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 dinh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Thames th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u0103m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdn ph\u00eda b\u00ean trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5, n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc John Wycliffe \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i theo t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, Matthew Parker ch\u1ecbu phong ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t tay c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, William Barlow \u1edf Bath, John Scory \u1edf Hereford, John Hodgkin \u1edf Bedford v\u00e0 Miles Coverdale tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Exeter.
\nHai ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu phong ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Henry VIII theo nghi l\u1ec5 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu phong ch\u1ee9c theo nghi th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong quy\u1ec3n S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Cranmer \u0111\u00e3 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5p S\u1ef1 trong Anh Gi\u00e1o.
\nKh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Parker kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u1edbn (1539) \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh Geneva (1557) v\u00ec quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Calvin m\u00e0 Anh gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. N\u0103m 1568, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c Parker ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n ‘Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c’ m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch to v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng, tuy nhi\u00ean quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o quy\u1ec3n King James t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ‘B\u1ea3n D\u1ecbch \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e9p’ (Authorized Version) n\u0103m 1617.
\nGi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t h\u0103ng say, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Anh. V\u1eeba duy tr\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 x\u01b0a, v\u1eeba c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u1ebd th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh. H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh Qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh Luther v\u00e0 Calvin. Ngay th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o
\nthuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 trong Anh gi\u00e1o v\u1eeba r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u1eeba h\u00e0m s\u00fac, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c Anh Gi\u00e1o kh\u1eafp ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc: John Jewel v\u00e0 Richard Hooker. Do s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Jewel ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh. Khi \u00f4ng l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Salisbury, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tu b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t bao quanh khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean m\u00f4t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho Anh Gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m 1562, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch B\u00eanh v\u1ef1c H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh , \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3.
\nHooker l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ngh\u00e8o qu\u00ea \u1edf Heavitree g\u1ea7n Exeter, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Jewel gi\u00fap cho v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Corpus Christi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i danh c\u1ee7a Anh. Sau n\u00e0y, khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong v\u00f2ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4n qu\u00ea \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft pho s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn Lu\u1eadt T\u1ed5 Ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ea3n Tr\u1ecb Trong Gi\u1edbi Tu S\u0129. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Anh Gi\u00e1o, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 v\u0103n r\u1ea5t hay gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y c\u00e1i c\u0169 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i t i\u1ebfp tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Exeter c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1eafng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng Hooker, m\u0169 \u00e1o h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c.
\nD\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, Anh Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng nhau cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1570, nh\u1edd ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Anh v\u00e0 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng hay. N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng coi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i hay m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7p chung c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1570 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng d\u1ee9t ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng Elizabeth, ra l\u1ec7nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Anh r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh, cho ph\u00e9p d\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c vua Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111em qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb em h\u1ecd v\u1edbi N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng d\u00e3 tham gia \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Mary, N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng ph\u00e1i qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y ban Nha (Spanish Armada) ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Anh qu\u1ed1c. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft giam hay x\u1eed t\u1eed nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n.
\nB\u00ean c\u1ea1nh H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Gi\u00e1o (xem cu\u1ed1i trang 29) cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Trung C\u1ed5 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn Thanh Gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c Presbyterian (xem cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 29) \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh. Khi Elizabeth qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1603, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e2n hoan \u0111\u00f3n v\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 James I: C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o th\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jame I l\u00e0 Mary, N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) th\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00ec Jame I \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Anh Gi\u00e1o th\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vua James I s\u1ebd th\u00e2n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00e2n v\u1edbi ph\u00eda Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o. V\u00ec James I th\u01b0\u1eddng hay n\u00f3i c\u00e2u: ‘kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c,
\nth\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua’, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Anh gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n c\u1ea3.
\nV\u1eeba l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Hampton Court \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Thanh Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. Vua James ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb s\u1eafp s\u1eeda k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u00ec John Reynolds, v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\nCorpus Christi, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111ang d\u00f9ng sai s\u00f3t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. Vua James, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0i b\u00e0i thi thi\u00ean, n\u00ean \u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ngay. Vua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m 54 v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n Authorized Version (V\u0103n B\u1ea3n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e9p) n\u0103m 1611. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, n\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o tranh d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1edd b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n ham \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

CU\u1ed8C C\u1ea2I C\u00c1CH TRONG H\u1ed8I TH\u00c1NH C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O LA M\u00c3<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Erasmus, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng x\u1ee9 Castile l\u00e0 Isabella, c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 Ferdinand, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tin k\u00ednh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u1ea1nh, b\u00e0 Isabella c\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh T\u00e2y Ban Nha. B\u00e0 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Catherine, v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vua Henry VIII, v\u00e0 ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em n\u1eef trang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ra c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Columbus t\u00ecm ra T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi.
\nB\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u00f4ng Francisco Ximenes (Ximenes l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0) c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 trong gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 h\u1ecd th\u00eam. Do \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed3ng Y Ximenes m\u1edbi m\u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Alcala. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, su\u1ed1t 15 n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, \u00f4ng Ximenes \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng nom m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh in, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 in b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111a ng\u1eef g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Complutensian (Alcala) Polyglot Bible. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 cho gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, La Tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eadt ra b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a b\u00f4 s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean in n\u0103m 1514 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111a ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1522, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Erasmus in n\u0103m 1516 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Khi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Paul III \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1534, th\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u cho uy t\u00edn H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa ch\u1ea1y. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 cho Erasmus nh\u1edd \u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn x\u00e2u x\u00e9 g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng Erasmus \u0111\u00e3 cao tu\u1ed5i, l\u1ea1i \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 giao ph\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, t\u1eeb nay s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng h\u0103ng say ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u1eefa. V\u00ec
\nv\u1eady, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Paul III \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 ngay th\u1eb3ng khi\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n tin k\u00ednh m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trent v\u00e0 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n gi\u1eb1ng co v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin. T\u1eeb 1546 \u0111\u1ebfn 1563, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp 3 l\u1ea7n, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Tin L\u00e0nh, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i aco c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, ban b\u1ed1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh La Tinh th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, theo b\u1ea3n Vulgate. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00ean thu\u00ea h\u1ecda s\u0129 Michelangelo v\u1ebd tranh ‘Phi\u00ean T\u00f2a \u0110o\u00e1n X\u00e9t Cu\u1ed1i C\u00f9ng’ tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Sistine Chapel. N\u0103m 1541, l\u1ec5 c\u1eaft b\u0103ng kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh b\u1ee9c tranh, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c minh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd uy quy\u1ec1n H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ai theo t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m 1546 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Paul III l\u1ea1i c\u1eed Michelangelo tr\u00f4ng coi v i\u1ec7c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Peter t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. Michelangelo l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec vinh hi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nguy nga sau tr\u1edf n\u00ean trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.
\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n tin k\u00ednh cao h\u01a1n khi l\u1eadp th\u00eam nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng kh\u1ed5 tu v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng c\u0169. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng m\u1edbi l\u1eadp c\u00f3 ‘D\u00f2ng T\u00ean’ Jesus, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘D\u00f2ng Jesuit’. D\u00f2ng n\u00e0y do Ignatius Loyola th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha. \u00d4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay v\u00ec h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c vua th\u1ebf gian, th\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00ednh cho Ch\u00faa Christ \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho vinh hi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. C\u00f3 s\u00e1u b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ba L\u00ea (Paris) theo \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1540 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Paul III c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn d\u00f2ng Jesuit. D\u00f2ng n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat
\nnhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt cao, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e2ng l\u1ec7nh v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i la M\u00e3.
\nTrong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gay go trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3, d\u00f2ng Jesuit \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm th\u00eam \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c linh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i danh b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Jesuit l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t Au Ch\u00e2u. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111em h\u1ecd \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, sang c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Francis Xavier.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean T\u00e2n th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, h\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Huron v\u00e0 Iroquois \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Jesuit l\u00e0 Jacques Marquette \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ed1ng Mississipi, t\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Brazil v\u00e0 Paraguay. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay D\u00f2ng Jesuit l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00ean H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c linh l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH SAU CU\u1ed8C C\u1ea2I CH\u00c1NH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f2an di\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chia r\u1ebd m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa khi Au Ch\u00e2u theo Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Anh qu\u1ed1c theo Anh gi\u00e1o. T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc Au, Ph\u1ea7n Lan, Estomia, Latvia, nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng qu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a H\u00f2a Lan \u0111\u1ec1u r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Tin L\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u00dd, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Ba Lan, Bohemia, Hung, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Ph\u00e1p, Nam H\u00f2a Lan, Nam \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ai Nh\u0129 Lan, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i chung t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Au nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng an t\u1eeb 1600 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i sinh C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c t\u1ec7 \u0111oan ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tu m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec v\u1eady H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Tin L\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c linh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh, l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh n\u1ea9y n\u1edf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng Tin l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng b\u1ecb y\u1ebfu v\u00ec chia r\u1ebd. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Lutheran, C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch (Calvinitic) v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh (Anglican), l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u Tin L\u00e0nh l\u1edbn c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t rong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.
\nT\u1ea1i Anh, c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m Thanh Gi\u00e1o (puritan) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, n\u00ean h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft cho ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i H\u1ecdi Th\u00e1nh. V\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ecdi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o l\u1ec5, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ecdai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 cao m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Puritan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong s\u00e1ch ‘Thi\u00ean L\u1ed9 L\u1ecbch Tr\u00ecnh’ (the Pilgrim’s Progress) c\u1ee7a John Buyan; \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 17 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecbn nhau c\u0169ng hi\u1ebfm. T\u1ea1i Au Ch\u00e2u, duy c\u00f3 H\u00f2a Lan c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, do \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00f2a Lan \u1ea9n n\u00e1u, trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m Separatist Puritan, nh\u00f3m H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congregationalist) Anh, sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng theo ch\u00e2n nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 do (pilgrim Fathers) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1620.<\/p>\n

C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 M\u1ef8 CH\u00c2U<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u00f3c h\u1ebft C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ban Nha \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c Trung M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9 Ch\u00e2u. Theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e8u gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Franciscan, Dominican v\u00e0 Jesuit \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1551 v\u00e0 1553 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y m\u1edf hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi : \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc San Marcos th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Lima, thu\u1ed9c Peru v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mexico.
\nN\u0103m 1604, Pierre de Monts, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m Tin L\u00e0nh Huguenot \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Gia N\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u00f3i s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Francis de Laval, \u1edf Qu\u00e9bec, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t sinh l\u1ef1c trong kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u00e0y. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia Willa Cather vi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n B\u00f3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u00ean \u0110\u00e1 (Shadows on the Rock) v\u00e0 trong truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c De Laval l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh.
\nC\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Au Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 g\u1eedi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 sang T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi. B\u1ed1n kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y : Anh Gi\u00e1o (Anglican), H\u1ed9i ch\u00fang (Congregational), Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) v\u00e0 B\u00e1p t\u00edt (Baptist).
\nN\u0103m 1607, khi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Jamestown h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngay ti\u1ec3u bang Virginia v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u00f3i s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (London). R\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec3u bang Maryland, B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam Carolina, N\u1eefu \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Georgia nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.
\nT\u1ea1i Virginia n\u0103m 1693 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c London l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 James Blair, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc William & Mary t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Williamsburg. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Harvard do nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congretionalist) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1636. Hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t
\ndanh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng do c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng King’s College nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i N\u1eefu \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1754 do Ho\u00e0ng Gia tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Trinity. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1783, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u v\u1eabn do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c London cai qu\u1ea3n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m Nhi\u1ec7m (Episcopalian) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1m
\nNhi\u1ec7m (Episcopal Church) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c S\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3, cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c. N\u0103m 1783 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u1edf Connecticut l\u00e0 Samuel Seabury kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng Gia Anh ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng Gia, \u00f4ng Seabury b\u00e8n \u0111i T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan.
\nT\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phong ch\u1ee9c cho \u00f4ng Seabury m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7. Cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1784, ba v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Episcopal T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan \u0111\u00e3 phong ch\u1ee9c cho \u00f4ng Seabury l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1m Nhi\u1ec7m (Episcopal ). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Anh Gi\u00e1o ra h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.
\nHai n\u0103m sau, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Anh ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt mi\u1ec5n cho c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c Anh, kh\u1ecfi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng Gia. V\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Canterbury n\u0103m 1787 \u0111\u00e3 phong ch\u1ee9c cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u00f4ng William White \u1edf Pennsylvania v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Samuel Provost \u1edf N\u1eefu \u01b0\u1edbc. Bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb9p trong l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Lambeth n\u01a1i Matthew Parker (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 32) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Canterbury h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Wycliffe (xem cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 21) b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1ed9i t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14.
\nQuy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1789 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Philadelphia. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Tin L\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7m (Episcopal) t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec7n Chung, c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh theo l\u1ed1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u bang Maine \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec3u bang Georgia, \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Episcopal, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang. (congregationalist), Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Presbyterian), v\u00e0 B\u00e1p-t\u00edt (Baptist). Tuy nhi\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd t\u00ean v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1m Nhi\u1ec7m (Episcopalian) nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thanh Gi\u00e1o (Puritan – Pilgrim Fathers) \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean Plymouth n\u0103m 1620, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Gi\u00e1o (Puritan) Anh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh b\u1eaft b\u1edb t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut (Hartford) v\u00e0 New Haven c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congragationalist) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i ‘th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung’ theo l\u1eddi Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 John Winthrop v\u00e0 John Cotton \u1edf Boston, Richard Mather \u1edf Dorchester, Thomas Hooker \u1edf Hartford v\u00e0 John Davenport \u1edf New Haven. H\u1ecd theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ch\u00fang (Congregational) v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ed1i, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang, ghi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Calvin, trong b\u1ea3n x\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn ni\u1ec1m tin Westminster l\u00e0m n\u0103m 1647. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1636 b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang
\n(Congragational) \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh Massachusetts v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a John Harvard \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho. \u00d4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng Emmanuel \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congragational) nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mang ba danh hi\u1ec7u kia.
\nRoger William \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1p-t\u00edt M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng V\u1ecanh Massachusets v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 g\u00f2 b\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn Rhode Island. N\u0103m 1639, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Providence \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh B\u00e1p-t\u00edt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1p-t\u00edt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00e2y :
\n– H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t
\n– Ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam nh\u1eadn ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc
\n– Tin Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh
\n– M\u1ed7i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp
\n– C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi .
\nTrong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn di c\u01b0 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 B\u00e1p-t\u00edt t\u0103ng nhanh l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ed5 c h\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.
\nGi\u00e1o s\u0129 Francis Makemie, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1I Nh\u0129 Lan g\u1ed1c T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) M\u1ef9 v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Philadelphia n\u0103m 1706. T\u1eeb 1720 \u0111\u1ebfn 1740 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o \u1edf \u00e1i Nh\u0129 Lan, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ed1c T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9. V\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u1ed9n n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i West Virginia, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y North Carolina, Kentucky,
\nTennessee v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00eda Nam. \u0110\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 cho s\u1ed1 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, n\u0103m 1746 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\n\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New Jersey nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton. \u00d4ng John Wetherspoon, Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u (1775 – 1783) c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Anh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 d\u1ee9t ra kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Presbyterian) ch\u1ec9 thua c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congragational) v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nNgo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Nh\u00f3m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Davenport \u1edf New Haven. H\u1ecd theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ch\u00fang (Congregational) v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ed1i, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang, ghi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Calvin, trong b\u1ea3n x\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn ni\u1ec1m tin Westminster l\u00e0m n\u0103m 1647. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1636 b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congragational) \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh Massachusetts v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a John Harvard \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho. \u00d4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng Emmanuel \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congragational) nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh mang ba danh hi\u1ec7u kia.
\nRoger William \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1p-t\u00edt M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng V\u1ecanh Massachusets v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 g\u00f2 b\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn Rhode Island. N\u0103m 1639, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Providence \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh B\u00e1p-t\u00edt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1p-t\u00edt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00e2y :
\n– H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t
\n– Ph\u00e9p B\u00e1p T\u00eam nh\u1eadn ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc
\n– Tin Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh
\n– M\u1ed7i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp
\n– C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi .
\nTrong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn di c\u01b0 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 B\u00e1p-t\u00edt t\u0103ng nhanh l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ed5 c h\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.
\nGi\u00e1o s\u0129 Francis Makemie, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1I Nh\u0129 Lan g\u1ed1c T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) M\u1ef9 v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Philadelphia n\u0103m 1706. T\u1eeb 1720 \u0111\u1ebfn 1740 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o \u1edf \u00e1i Nh\u0129 Lan, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ed1c T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9. V\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u1ed9n n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i West Virginia, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y North Carolina, Kentucky,
\nTennessee v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00eda Nam. \u0110\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 cho s\u1ed1 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, n\u0103m 1746 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o (Presbyterian) l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New Jersey nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton. \u00d4ng John Wetherspoon, Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u (1775 – 1783) c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Anh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 d\u1ee9t ra kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Presbyterian) ch\u1ec9 thua c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congragational) v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nNgo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Nh\u00f3m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t thu\u1ed9c linh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa. N\u0103m 1741 Zinzendorf \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moravian t\u1ea1i Pennsylvania l\u00e0 Bethlehem th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o do \u00f4ng kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac th\u00e9p. T\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 95 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Quaker, 251 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch H\u00f2a Lan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, kho\u1ea3ng 20 H\u1ed9i t h\u00e1nh Mennonite, 20 nh\u00f3m Dunker v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 8 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Moravian.
\nTuy trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 50 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Maryland v\u00e0 Pennsylvania, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng mau do nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn di c\u01b0 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb \u00c1i Nh\u0129 Lan v\u00e0 Nam Au Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20. Hi\u1ec7n nay h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50 tri\u00eau t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh sinh ho\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nghi l\u1ec5, \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y Phong Tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ea5n H\u01b0ng (Great Awakening) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee9t d\u1ea5y, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 1726 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c H\u00f4i Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch H\u00f2a Lan t\u1ea1i New Jersey, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng n\u00e0y g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh lan tr\u00e0n qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh nghi\u00eam trang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00eau cao t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ‘tin Ch\u00faa’. Phong tr\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Anh v\u1edbi John Wesley. Khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Oxford, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u1ecf trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 em \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Charles s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u00e1nh ca v\u00e0 \u00f4ng George Whitefield, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c ch\u1ebf ri\u1ec5u v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u2018Methodists\u2019 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee9 v\u1eefng l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng John Wesley tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Anh. \u00d4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c rao truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, trong x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh du h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Anh, T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan v\u00e0 Ai nh\u0129 Lan. S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ‘s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ch\u00faa Christ’ v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin theo. N\u0103m 1791 \u00f4ng t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf th\u1ecd 88 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa l\u00f2ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng l\u1edbp h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 trung l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i Anh. Nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Wesley l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Georga Whitefield, nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng danh ti\u1ebfng d\u00e3 du h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n qua c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb 1740 \u0111\u1ebfn 1770 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m L\u00fd (Methodist) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9.
\nN\u0103m 1764 \u00f4ng Thomas Coke \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c John Wesley \u1ee7y th\u00e1c, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Methodist Epicopal t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng Coke v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Francis Asbury, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng du h\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hai Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin k\u00ednh cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1m L\u00fd (Methodist) m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nhan nh\u1ea3n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m L\u00fd (Methodist) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m ‘An \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng’ v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi n\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ba nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m l\u00fd (Methodist) h\u1ecdp nhau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1m L\u00fd (methodist) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1939. \u0110\u1ebfn 1968 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Evangelical United Brethren Church (ch\u00ednh H\u1ed9i
\nTh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1m l\u00fd T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (United Methodist Church) m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG C\u01a0-\u0110\u1ed0C NG\u00c0Y NAY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh tuy ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra \u0111\u1ec3 rao truy\u1ec1n s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh then ch\u1ed1t m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra g\u1ea7n 2000 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa d\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eeda sai v\u00e0 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 do l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi sinh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ng\u01b0ng cu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Nh\u00e2n. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn ‘m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfn qua gi\u00f4ng t\u1ed1; trongnh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, h\u1eb3n bao nhi\u00eau pho s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00e9p.
\nGi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i Ch\u00fang (Congregationalist) kh\u00f4ng tin gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ba Ng\u00f4i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, \u0111i ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1815 l\u1ea5y danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Unitarian. Trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 Ralph Waldo Emerson nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft, tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 thi s\u0129 n\u1ed5i danh. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Thomas v\u00e0 Alexander Campbell c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c rao truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1, m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, h\u1ecd \u01b0\u1edbc mong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi chia r\u1ebd phe ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecd sau c\u00f9ng t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh ‘M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ’ (Disciples of Christ) nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c (Christian Church).
\nC\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c, d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: Nh\u00f3m Mormon, do Joseph Smith th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1830 ; nh\u00f3m Christian Scientist, do Mary Baker Eddy th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1879, nh\u00f3m Nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ee9ng cho Gi\u00ea-h\u00f4-va (Jehovah’s Witnesses) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1931. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c theo \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac \u00e2m l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n (Assemblies of God), m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tinh th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1914, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Am Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p (Christian & Missionary Alliance) H\u1ed9i Na-xa-rin (Church of the Nazarene). V\u00ec qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa d\u1ea1y H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ‘m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7y chi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n’ (Gi\u0103ng 10:16), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905 c\u00f3 30 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c Gia c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 (National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A) bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 33 danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Tin L\u00e0nh v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 40 tri\u1ec7u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 , Anh v\u00e0 Gia N\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Phong tr\u00e0o h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd do gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nay l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb 1925 \u0111\u1ebfn 1965 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 37 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng 124 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n, phong tr\u00e0o C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh khi 150 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Tin L\u00e0nh, Anh gi\u00e1o, V\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb 44 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Amsterdam n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (World Council of Churches). Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 200. H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c sau khi H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Vatican II (1962 – 1965) ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ‘H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch’ \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3’. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng John 23 (1958 – 1963) tuy ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 5 n\u0103m\u00a0 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf l\u00f2ng ngh\u00eanh \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng H\u00f4i Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng John nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n Gi\u00f4 s\u00e9p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00f4 s\u00e9p, \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng Hy L\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a ‘T\u00f4i l\u00e0 John, ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh’.
\nTr\u1ea3i qua 20 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc trong gi\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng quang \u0111\u00e3ng. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c linh s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00edn d\u1ed3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u00eap t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Cyrill F. Garbett v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i York m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft : ‘H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi’
\nT\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn n\u00e0o H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb mau t hay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn m\u00e3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh l\u1ef1c th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1eafng h\u01a1n trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, khao kh\u00e1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ef1 do, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: ‘T\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng? \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 g? T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi “lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd b\u00e1nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i’ (Ph\u1ee5c-truy\u1ec1n 8:3; Ma-thi-\u01a1 4:4). Ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa r\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng rao truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t Ph\u00fac Am, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01a3\u1eddi nam n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111em h\u1ecd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n: ‘C\u00f2n ta, khi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t, ta s\u1ebd k\u00e9o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng ta ‘(Gi\u0103ng 12:32).<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef
\nXong ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1, 1986
\n10 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i
\nFountain Valley, CA 92708
\nNguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n C\u1ea3nh<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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