{"id":32779,"date":"2024-08-12T15:10:43","date_gmt":"2024-08-12T15:10:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnsalvation.net\/?p=32779"},"modified":"2024-08-12T15:10:43","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T15:10:43","slug":"khoa-hoc-ve-nghe-thuat-ghi-chu-lam-sao-de-nang-cao-kha-nang-ghi-nho-va-doc-hieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/khoa-hoc-ve-nghe-thuat-ghi-chu-lam-sao-de-nang-cao-kha-nang-ghi-nho-va-doc-hieu\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa H\u1ecdc V\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt Ghi Ch\u00fa: L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n: https:\/\/spiderum.com\/bai-dang\/Khoa-Hoc-Ve-Nghe-Thuat-Ghi-Chu-Lam-sao-de-nang-cao-kha-nang-ghi-nho-va-doc-hieu-msSBc9K1yMtV<\/span><\/div>\n
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M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Na Uy \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00ean 30 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong khi h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft tay, b\u00fat k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 g\u00f5 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng tay. Trong khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia g\u00f5 ph\u00edm. [1]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd Pam Mueller v\u00e0 Daniel Oppenheimer tr\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh khi nghe m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 tay truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u00e0n ph\u00edm \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p. Sau \u0111\u00f3, hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a 2 nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, nh\u00f3m ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1ed5 tay t\u1ecf ra v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed. [2]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ngu\u1ed3n: Internet<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ebft tay m\u1eb7t d\u00f9 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n g\u00f5 ph\u00edm, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n?<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/a>, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb t\u1ed1t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin theo nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0 vi\u1ebft tay l\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ebft tay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat v\u1eeba suy ngh\u0129, v\u1eeba di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e2y b\u00fat tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00f5 ph\u00edm th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 so v\u1edbi vi\u1ebft tay. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ebft tay \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tay ph\u1ea3i l\u1eafng nghe \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f5 ph\u00edm c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ghi ch\u00e9p nhanh h\u01a1n, thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin nhanh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ghi ch\u00e9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00f3m g\u00f5 ph\u00edm t\u1ecf ra th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 duy – m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i l\u1edbn cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o n\u00e3o b\u1ed9.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y, v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft tay.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p tay h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 si\u00eau tr\u00ed nh\u1edb g\u00ec c\u1ea3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi th\u00f3i ghi ch\u00fa th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, r\u1ed3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00f4ng tin thay cho ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ghi ch\u00fa m\u1edbi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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I. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa:<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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James Clear cho r\u1eb1ng “h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo Quy lu\u1eadt N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t”<\/i> [3]. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quy lu\u1eadt, James cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Niklas Luhmann, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y nh\u1ecf thay v\u00ec s\u1ed5 tay, v\u00ec k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y bu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ghi gh\u00e9p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0m x\u00fac c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n theo Quy lu\u1eadt N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u00e0m sao cho \u0111\u00fang.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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1. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Ghi ch\u00fa Cornell.<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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L\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa do Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Walter Paul c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ghi ch\u00fa Cornell l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n khi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt active recall.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/span><\/div>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n: Internet<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ghi ch\u00fa Cornell kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn mua m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n v\u1edf c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y A4. Sau \u0111\u00f3, chia t\u1edd ghi ch\u00fa theo h\u00ecnh sau:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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– 3 d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ghi t\u00ean b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng. – 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 d\u00f2ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. – T\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y, h\u00e3y chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh 2 c\u1ed9t: C\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 \u1edf ph\u00eda tay tr\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm 30% l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ghi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1, keyword quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi; C\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm 70% l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p, v\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cornell ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trang gi\u1ea5y. Cho n\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn. Cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u00fang . H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nghe hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf c\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00fa ph\u1ee5. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin. Vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 duy d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ghi nh\u1edb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ee9 ba, \u00f4n t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p active recall (ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb). Active recall l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c truy v\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. So v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, active recall hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1\u00a0tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4n t\u1eadp: (1) h\u00e3y che to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm 70% trang gi\u1ea5y; (2) nh\u00ecn qua c\u1ed9t b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, keyword, ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng tin; (3) \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; (4) ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n n\u1eb1m trong c\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh; (5) quay l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u01afu nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Cornell<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Cornell ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian ghi ch\u00e9p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe, quan s\u00e1t, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nhanh h\u01a1n, n\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi active recall s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y khi n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 th\u00f4ng tin, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Outline truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4n t\u1eadp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Cornell \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i \u00fd ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong khi nghe podcast v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Cornell tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0a ra suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean hay t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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2. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa Outline (d\u00e0n \u00fd – ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o):<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/span><\/div>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n: Internet<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Outline n\u1ebfu s\u1ee3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 th\u00f4ng tin. Outline l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u00f4ng tin k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1eb5n, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 (I, II, III) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef in hoa (A, B, C).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m b\u1ed5 sung cho ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh. H\u00e3y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 (1, 2, 3) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng (a, b, c).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Th\u00eam c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: – H\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5. N\u00ean li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng (-). ‘V\u00ed d\u1ee5’ c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u1ede cu\u1ed1i outline ho\u1eb7c sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p, v\u00e0 th\u00eam \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ee3p l\u00fd: V\u00ec m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch. N\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Outline \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2u, t\u1eeb s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft. T\u1eeb quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc: M\u1ed7i ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00ean n\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t thu h\u1eb9p ph\u1ea1m vi thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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D\u1ec5 \u00f4n t\u1eadp: v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng tin, n\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 ghi nh\u1edb.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u1ec1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, n\u00ean dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin r\u1ea5t cao. Theo hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc Brita – b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd tr\u00e0n ra ngo\u00e0i. N\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian ti\u00eau h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n mau qu\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00e9p m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c”.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Outline?<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Khi t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, hay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o cho b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p outline \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, outline c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o’ hay ‘d\u00e0n \u00fd’, n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp l\u1edbn, b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00f4i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa Mindmap:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng AHAD, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang. Th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung l\u1eafng nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng hay \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Bruce D. Perry cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 sai trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m tr\u1ebb t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5m b\u00fat bi, v\u1ebd v\u1eddi khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c nghe nh\u1ea1c khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp. Th\u1ef1c ra, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a n\u00e0y gi\u00fap th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i l\u00ean v\u1ecf n\u00e3o – n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. [4]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u1eady, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng mindmap c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, mindmap t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng tin d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfp thu th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ebd v\u1eddi mindmap gi\u00fap cho th\u00e2n n\u00e3o gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ecf n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng mindmap?<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/span><\/div>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n: Internet<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u00e3y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng kh\u1ed5 ngang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Outline, mindmap ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh, ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd. N\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 3 m\u00e0u m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m s\u1ebd d\u00e0y h\u01a1n, c\u00e0ng \u1edf ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00e0ng m\u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00f4ng tin th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u01afu nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a mindmap l\u00e0: h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ebd v\u1eddi gi\u00fap t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean v\u1ecf n\u00e3o. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u01b0u th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a mindmap l\u00e0 phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, gi\u00fap linh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00eda sau c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng tin l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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N\u00ean d\u00f9ng mindmap khi n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00d4n t\u1eadp: Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o l\u00ean nhau.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp l\u1edbn, b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn. V\u00ec mindmap: – D\u1ec5 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. – D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh ch\u1ebb nh\u1ecf. – Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p mindmap linh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi outline trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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L\u00e0m b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh: mindmap khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 Outline. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ngay tr\u00ean mindmap \u0111\u1ec3 xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c mindmap, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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II. Ba b\u01b0\u1edbc \u2018tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong, v\u00e0 sau\u2019 khi ghi ch\u00fa.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean “n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ecbt” v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, so\u1ea1n v\u0103n, d\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p. Ho\u1eb7c, c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nghe gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, thay v\u00ec c\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea7u ghi ch\u00e9p. C\u01a1 m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 “con v\u1ecbt” n\u00e0o (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00f4i) l\u1ea1i tin l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u00f4. Ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00f4n t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi – c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 – c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1. S\u1ef1 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng: “T\u1ea1i v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta nghe c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00e1o g\u1ee1, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, u m\u00ea c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed k\u1eb9t”<\/i> (Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh<\/a>).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, “s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd”<\/i>[5]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 3 b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc – trong – sau khi ghi ch\u00fa?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin. Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed9i dung trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, h\u00e3y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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2. Trong ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ebfn s\u1edbm, t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp thu 126 m\u1eabu th\u00f4ng tin\/gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb 5 gi\u00e1c quan, s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. [5] Vi\u1ec7c ng\u1ed3i \u1edf h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf sau, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng thu m\u1eabu tin \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u1ea9n v\u01a1, hay l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u00f4 b\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0103n n\u00f3i v\u00f2ng vo l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c T\u1eea N\u1ed0I trong ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/b> n\u1eb1m sau 3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn <\/b>v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1.<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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– Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u: \u201cV\u00ec v\u1eady\u201d, \u201cdo \u0111\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0\u201d th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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– K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201cK\u1ebft lu\u1eadn\u201d, \u201ct\u00f3m t\u1eaft\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3\u201d b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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– Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d, \u201cth\u1ee9 hai\u201d, \u201csau \u0111\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d cho bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong danh s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ee9 hai, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ed5 sung<\/b> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m sau 2 lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u1ed1i th\u00eam v\u00e0o <\/b>v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n<\/b>. Trong \u0111\u00f3:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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– Th\u00eam v\u00e0o\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u01a1n n\u1eefa\u201d, “v\u00e0”, \u201cc\u0169ng nh\u01b0”.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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– T\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0309n l\u00e0 \u201ctuy nhi\u00ean\u201d, \u201cm\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7t d\u00f9\u201d, “\u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi” bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/b> ho\u1eb7c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/b>. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a bao g\u1ed3m: “v\u00ed nh\u01b0”, “v\u00ed d\u1ee5”, “t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5”, “\u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda”, \u201cc\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u201d…<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft trong vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00fa.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. H\u00e3y ghi xu\u1ed1ng v\u1edf nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u1ede cu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng. Nh\u1edb m\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdn con trai.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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3. Sau ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/div>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n: Internet<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Theo d\u01b0\u1eddng cong l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean Ebbinghaus, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u1edb 33,7% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. N\u00ean l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4n t\u1eadp h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n ghi ch\u00e9p. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n nh\u1eb9 g\u00e1nh h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp sau. T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1ea1n n\u00ean d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cornell v\u00e0 mindmap, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00f4ng tin. Cornell t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p active recall, trong khi mindmap ph\u00e1t huy th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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4. B\u1ed5 sung: Th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4n t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a (t\u1eeb 6:00 s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1:30 chi\u1ec1u) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n (t\u1eeb 3:30 chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn 10:00 t\u1ed1i), n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd truy xu\u1ea5t k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. V\u1eady th\u00ec h\u00e3y \u00f4n t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169 trong khung th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. [6]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u00eam do gen quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n b\u1ecb “\u0111\u1ee9t b\u00f3ng” v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 hay ng\u1ee7 d\u1eady tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n. Th\u00ec b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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III. K\u1ebft.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nghe podcast c\u1ee7a Cal Newport<\/a> b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft tay t\u1ed1t cho n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. T\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam? Ch\u00fang ta vi\u1ebft tay h\u01a1n 12 n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Sau khi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang cho con em c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng s\u1ed5 tay \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh x\u00e1ch tay \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p, n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft tay truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1ed1i ghi ch\u00fa c\u0169 k\u1ef9 outline – m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng sai c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng outline \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. C\u00f2n ghi ch\u00fa d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 Cornell hay Mindmap th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u00f4i c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam 3 b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong v\u00e0 sau khi ghi ch\u00e9p \u1edf ph\u1ea7n II, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u00f4n t\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Auckland – New Zealand. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u01b0: \u201cc\u00e1c em n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c em n\u00ean b\u1ecf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed7i t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n t\u1eadp\u201d. C\u01a1 m\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u, c\u00f2n b\u1ecdn l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c th\u00ec xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i s\u00e1o r\u1ed7ng.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ch\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t (nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian an nh\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp vui v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. Nh\u00e0n \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc l\u00f2i m\u1eaft.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Mong r\u1eb1ng, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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1. (2024). Handwriting Shows Unexpected Benefits Over Typing. Psychiatrist.com, <https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/news\/handwriting-shows-unexpected-benefits-over-typing\/><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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2. Ink on Paper: Some Notes on Note Taking*. Association for Psychological Science – APS, <https:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/news\/were-only-human\/ink-on-paper-some-notes-on-note-taking.html><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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3. James C. (2023), Atomic Habits – Thay \u0110\u1ed5i T\u00ed Hon Hi\u1ec7u Qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t Ng\u1edd, NXB Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi & Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam Book. tr.209.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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4. Bruce D P. v\u00e0 Oprah W. (2022), Ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng sang ch\u1ea5n tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1, Saigon Books. tr.254<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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5. Mihaly C. (2021), Flow – D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y, NXB D\u00e2n Tr\u00ed. tr.65 & tr.76.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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6. Nowakowski T. (2021). When is the best time to study?. SuperMemo, <https:\/\/www.supermemo.com\/en\/blog\/the-best-time-to-study>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n: https:\/\/spiderum.com\/bai-dang\/Khoa-Hoc-Ve-Nghe-Thuat-Ghi-Chu-Lam-sao-de-nang-cao-kha-nang-ghi-nho-va-doc-hieu-msSBc9K1yMtV M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":32778,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14,202],"tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-32779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-hoi-va-kham-pha","category-meo-vat-tips"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32779","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32779"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32779\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32780,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32779\/revisions\/32780"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32779"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32779"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32779"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahosa.com\/vnsalvation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=32779"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}